692 



HENRY. 



and, on further inquiry, her conduct before marriage 

 was discovered to have been loose and criminal. 

 The king burst into tears when informed of these 

 facts, but his grief quickly turned into fury, and slie 

 was accused, and brought to the block in 1542. 

 His obsequious parliament further gratified him, by 

 an act, making it high treason for any woman whom 

 the king might thereafter marry, to pass herself 

 ott'for a virgin, if otherwise. The preference shown 

 by the king's nephew, James V., to the French 

 alliance, brought on a war with Scotland, in 1542. 

 the principal event of which was the rout of the 

 Scottish army at Solway Frith. A war with France 

 followed, and the king passed over to Calais, in 

 July, 1544, at the head of 30,000 troops, and, 

 being joined by 14,000 men from the Low Coun- 

 tries, took Boulogne; but in the winter returned 

 to England. The war lasted until 1546. Henry, in 

 1543, married his sixth wife, Catharine Parr, widow 

 of lord Latimer, a lady of merit, secretly inclined to 

 the reformation. This queen fell into great danger, 

 through the intrigues of the Catholic party, but 

 found means to avert the consequences. (See Catha- 

 rine Parr.) Disease now so much aggravated the 

 natural violence of Henry, that his oldest friends fell 

 victims to his tyranny. The duke of Norfolk, his 

 most trusted and successful general, and the accom- 

 plished earl of Surrey, his son, were committed to 

 the Tower. The latter was tried for an alleged cor- 

 respondence with cardinal Pole, and on an absurd 

 accusation of treasonably quartering a portion of the 

 royal arms, and executed. The duke of Norfolk was 

 proceeded against by attainder, without trial or evi- 

 dence ; and so little was Henry's ferocity mitigated 

 by his own approaching end, that nothing seemed so 

 much to concern him as the fear that Norfolk might 

 escape ; which he did, by the decease of the king 

 the day before that appointed for his execution. It 

 was long before any one would venture to tell Henry 

 of his approaching dissolution ; but the communica- 

 tion was at length made by Sir Anthony Denny, and 

 the king heard him with resignation. He desired 

 that an-hbishop Cranmer might be sent for, but was 

 speechless before he came, and could only, by a pres- 

 sure of his hand, give a token of his dying faith. 

 He expired January 28, 1547, in the thirty-eighth 

 year of his reign, and the fifty-sixth of his age. As 

 impressively depicted by the dying words of Wolsey, 

 his chief characteristic was love of sway. This 

 passion, which was at first compatible with generosity 

 and feeling, at length produced an excess of pride, 

 impatience, and intolerance, which extinguished the 

 sentiments of humanity, and rendered him violent 

 and sanguinary in the extreme. He made himself 

 so much feared, that no English king had fewer 

 checks to his power ; and liberty and constitutional 

 equipoise were out of the question during the whole 

 of his reign, or, what is worse, the forms of them 

 were rendered purely subservient to his passions. 

 No hand less strong than his could have so suddenly 

 snapped the chain which bound the nation to the 

 papacy. The complete union of Wales with Eng- 

 land, and the conversion of Ireland into a kingdom, 

 date from the reign of Henry. 



HENRY, prince of Prussia (Frederic Henry Louis), 

 brother of Frederic II., was born at Berlin, 1726. 

 (On the severe and absurd education which lie re- 

 ceived for fifteen years, till his father's death, see the 

 articles Frederic William /., and Frederic II.) In 

 1742 he served his first campaign as colonel in the 

 army which entered Moravia, under the command of 

 the king and of marshal Schwerin, and was present 

 at the battle of Czaslau. In 1744, he defended, with 

 obstinacy and success, the city of Tabor, in Bohemia, 

 surrounded only by a single wall. He distinguished 



himself still more (June 4, 1745) in the battle of 

 Strigau or Hohenfriedberg, where the Prussians, 

 under their king, defeated the Austrian army, com- 

 manded by prince Charles of Lorraine, and began to 

 develops those great improvements in military tactics, 

 which afterwards procured them so much honour. 

 After the peace of Dresden, Frederic II. invited the 

 prince and his brother Ferdinand to Potsdam. Prince 

 Henry devoted his leisure hours to study. With a 

 glowing imagination, a penetrating and reflecting 

 mind, a firm will, always directed by good purposes, 

 and a happy memory, he made great progress in his 

 studies. Notwithstanding his severer studies, he 

 found time to cultivate music and painting. His 

 residence at Potsdam, where Frederic had collected 

 many of the men of his time distinguished for genius 

 and boldness of thought, contributed essentially to 

 give an independent and lofty tone to the character of 

 the prince. In 1752, his brother married him to the 

 princess Wilhelmine of Hesse-Cassel, and built a 

 palace for him in Berlin. A few years after, the 

 seven years' war broke out, and the prince now 

 found an opportunity to apply the theories he had 

 studied in peace. In the battle of Prague, the un- 

 shaken courage of Henry, his firmness and coolness, 

 decided the success of this splendid day. In the battle 

 of Rossbach, he received an honourable wound. 

 After this victory, the king gave him the command 

 of the army of Leipsic. Soon after, he placed him at 

 the head of a second army. During the whole seven 

 years' war, Henry distinguished himself. After the 

 peace concluded at Hubertsburg, prince Henry has- 

 tened back to tranquillity. The castle of Rheinsberg 

 became the seat of philosophy and the muses ; but 

 his confiding trust in unworthy men excited domestic 

 broils, which destroyed his peace, and compelled him 

 to separate from his wife. In 1771, he paid a visit 

 to the empress Catharine, in Petersburg, where they 

 deliberated respecting the division of Poland, to which 

 he gained the consent of the king his brother. In 

 the war of the Bavarian succession, the prince com- 

 manded an army, which marched to Dresden, in July, 



1778, formed a league there with Saxony, and then 

 attacked Bohemia. The want of provisions com- 

 pelled him to retreat, and the peace at Teschen, in 



1779, put an end to the war. In 1784, the prince 

 went to Paris, under the pretence of visiting the most 

 splendid court in Europe, but, in reality, to propose 

 a connexion which should put a stop to the aggran- 

 dizement of Austria. The irresolution of the cabinet 

 of Versailles frustrated this plan ; the prince returned, 

 and every thing assumed a new aspect, in conse- 

 quence of the death of the great king. Frederic 

 William removed his uncle from public business, and 

 prince Henry was about to return to France, but was 

 prevented by the troubles in that country. He for- 

 got the ingratitude of his nephew in the conversation 

 of philosophers, artists, and men of learning. The 

 war which Prussia undertook against France, was 

 not approved of by the prince. Overcome by the 

 infirmities of age, he awaited in tranquillity the end 

 of a life devoted to the welfare of the state. He 

 died at Rheinsberg, August 3, 1802. In 1809, there 

 appeared at Paris a life of prince Henry (Tie privee, 

 polit. et milit. du Prince Henri de Pr. Frere de 

 Frederic II.). 



HENRY, MATTHEW, an English nonconformist 

 divine, and author of Expositions on the Bible, was 

 a native of Flintshire, and was born in 1663, received 

 the early part of his education under his father, who 

 was also a dissenting clergyman, and studied for 

 some time at an academy established at Islington. 

 With the view of studying law as a profession, he 

 entered himself at Gray's Inn ; but still he continued 

 the study of the scriptures, and assiduously attended 



