HISTORY. 



753 



with the first establishment of states and kingdoms, 

 and comes down to the destruction of the Roman 

 empire, A. D. 476 ; 2. the history of the Middle 

 Ages, which begins with 473, and comes down to 

 the discovery of America in 1492, because this event 

 produced a decided change in commerce, politics, 

 and science ; others take the reformation as the 

 close of this period ; 3. Modern history, from 1492, 

 to our own times. Future historians will, perhaps, 

 comprise the (so called) middle ages and the period 

 extending to the American revolution under one 

 head, and call it the feudal period, whilst the suc- 

 ceeding period may be called the democratic. 



See Meusel's Bibliotheca historica Struvio-Bude- 

 riana (1 vol., Leipsic, 1782) ; Ruh's Entwurf eincr 

 Propadeutik des Historischen Studiums (Berlin, 



1811); Wachler's Account of Historical Inquiries 

 and the Historical Art since the Revival of Letters 

 in Europe (2 vols., Gottingen, 1812 1820, in Ger- 

 man), and Lehrbuch der Geschichte (Manual of His- 

 tory, for the use of higher schools, fifth edit., 1 vol., 

 Breslau, 1828); Bibliotheca historico - geographica 

 (Berlin, 1825). 



Synchronistic tables are of great use in the study 

 of history, and we know of none better than those of 

 Bredow, a German. In what follows, we shall give 

 a chronological view of the outlines of history, with 

 special reference to the latest times. Various modes 

 of division may be adopted in such tables. We trust 

 those used will be found sufficiently convenient. For 

 the history of particular countries, see the respective 

 articles. 



A GENERAL CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 



About 



3000 

 About 

 2500 



About 

 2400 

 About 

 2300 



About 

 2-iOO 



A 1 ,. "HI 



2100 



About 



2000 



About 



1900 



About 

 ItiOO 

 About 

 1700 



About 

 1400 



About 

 1300 



About 

 1200 

 11S4 



[Twilight of history before the deluge of Noah.] 



Deluge. Noah. Increase of mankind. Patriarchal 

 times (Union of the civil aud religious authority in 

 the person of the father of the family or tribe). 



Nations on the Nile, Euphrates aud Tigris, on the Indus 

 and Ganges. 



Ancient Assyria. Belus.Haik in Armenia. Yau in 

 China. 



Thebes (Egyptian). Menes. 



Canals of the Nile. Astronomy at Babylon'. Buddha on 

 the Ganges. 



Busiris in Egypt. Tchew-Kong in China. 



Memphis. The Pharaohs. Castes in India and Egypt. 



Assyria Major. Ninus. Semiramis Abraham the 



Chaldaeau in Palestine. Persia: Chedorlaomer. 

 Phoenicians. Damascus. Struggle of the ancient 

 monotheism in India with a new polytheism (Buddha 

 and Brahma; Koros and Pandos). Emigrations. 

 The ancient faith takes refuge in distant countries. 



Hebrews. Isaac, Jacob. The Edoinites. Esau. The 

 Phoenicians in Argos. Inachus. 



The Hebrews in Egypt. Joseph. Sidon. Bactra. 

 The deluge of Ogyges. Phoroneus. 



The Hycsos in Phoenicia. Italy discovered ; Iberians, 

 Ausonians, Umbrians. CEnotrus. 



Colonies of priests to Europe. Cecrops in Greece. 

 Worship of Jupiter at Dodoua; Caucasians in Thes- 

 saly ; Deucalion. Deluge. 



Exodus, or flight of the Israelites from Egypt; Moses. 

 Cadmus in Bceotia. Danaus in Argos Laxvs given to 

 the Israelites on Mount Sinai ; Twelve Tribes. Con- 

 quest; of Canaan. Joshua. Judges. Agriculture in 

 Attica ; Ceres. Corinth ; Sisyphus. Pauathenae. 



Moeris in Egypt; sole monarchy. Trojan kingdom. 

 Crete ; Minos I. Oracle at Delphi. Tyrrhenians in 

 Upper Italy Sesostris ; conquests and buildings. 

 Wu-Ting in China. Pelops ; navigation of the Pontus 

 Euxinus ; Phryxus and Helle. 



Phrygia ; Gordius ; Midas. Theseus ; sole monarchy 

 over Attica. Evander the Arcadian in Latium. 

 Minos II. of Crete ; laws ; labyrinth ; Daedalus. Tyre. 

 Argonauts ; Jason, Hercules, Castor and Pollux, 

 Orpheus. The seven chiefs before Thebes. War of 

 the KpiL'oni. Siculi. 



Apis in Memphis. Crishna on the Ganges. JEsculapius 

 in Thessaly. 



Trojan war; destruction of Troy. Emigrations. (Con- 

 tinuation of the religious struggles in India.) F.nd of 

 the fabulous period. Victory of polytheism. It de- 

 stroys the patriarchal state, aud the monarchy which 

 had proceeded from it, and gives rise, in Asia aud 

 Africa, to pure despotism, in Europe to democracy. 



Building of the pyramids in Egypt ; Cheops, Cephrenes. 

 Worship of Apis. Wu-Wang in China. Samson ; 

 Philistines. Samuel. Heraclides in the Peloponnesus. 

 Pyrrhus in Epirus. Colonies in Italy; Patavium, 

 Lavinium, Alba. 



jEolian confederacy; Smyrna, Mitylene. Jewish 

 monarchy in Palestine ; Saul, David, Solomon. Build- 

 ing of the temple. Wars with Syria. lonians in 

 Asia Minor. Hadadezer. Commerce by caravans; 

 Tadmor built. Locmaii and Surey in India. Founda- 

 tion of Utica. Two king! in Sparta ; Procles, Eurys- 

 thenes. Gadeg (Cadiz) founded. Codrus d. Republic 

 of Athenes. Gr.ivia Magna ; Cumae, Parthenope. 



Flourishing period of the Hebrews ; commerce with 

 Tyre and Ophir. Division ; Judith and Israel. King, 

 dnm of Damascus. Sesac in Egypt. Dorians in 

 Rhodes. Expulsion of the Heraclides, Bacchis. 

 Etruscan confederacy. Homer. 



Fall of the Assyrian empire. Sardanapalus (S74). 

 Olympian games at Elis ; Iphitus. Carthajra built 

 (885). Lycurgus in Sparta. Suen.Wang in China. 

 Caranus founds Macedonia. 



Chaldseans in Mesopotamia. Meroe flourishing 

 Reckoning by Olympiads (T77). Phul; new Assyrian 

 empire. Foundation of Rome (754) ; Romulus 



Ethiopians in Egypt; Sabachus. First war of Sparta 

 with Messenia (743) Foundation of Syracuse. Con- 

 quest of Samaria; end of the kingdom of Israel 



Babylonian-Assyrian empire (Esarhaddon). Media 

 independent; Dejoces. Numa Pompilius, king of 

 Rome. Grecian colonies in Italy. 



Second Messenian war ; Helots Chaldaeans in Babylon 



Twelve monarchies in Egypt. Conquest of Persia, 

 Phraortes. Coasting voyages to Taprobane (Ceylon). 



-Liuuria. vyusema 111 i/urmui. luessma, rsyzanuum, 

 Ostia founded. Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, 

 Tarquinius I., kings of Rome. Draco in Athens. 

 Cyaxares. Nabopolassar. Nebuchadnezzar. Victory 

 of the latter over Necho, the Egyptian king, at Circe- 

 sium. Appearance of the Massagetae. Invasion of 

 the Cimmerians and Scythians. Zoroaster in Persia, 

 Babylonian-Chaldaean empire. Nebuchadnezzar con- 

 quers Jerusalem ; fall of Judah. Babylonish captivity. 

 Solon in Athens. Pythian and Isthmian games. 

 Lesbian bards (Alcaeus, Sappho). Tyre destroyed; 

 New Tyre; commerce concentrates there. Servius 

 Tullius, king of Rome ; Celts in Cisalpine Gaul. 



aAimi-iirc) . Cr03SUS COnqlkcicu. v luim.' .ins ill mulct. 



Babylon destroyed. Return of the Jews (Zerubba- 

 bel). Tarquin II., king of Rome. Phocaeans found 

 Massilia. Cambyses, Persian king. Conquest of E?ypt. 

 (Psammenitus.) Zamolxis in Thrace. Darius I. 

 (Hystaspes), Persian king. Expedition to Scythia and 

 India. Confucius in China. (End of religious wars.) 

 Pure monotheism survives only in the deserts and 

 mountains of Asia and Europe. Complete victory of 

 polytheism ; and monarchy declines. Carthaginians 

 in Sicily. The Alcmaeouides expel the sons of Pisis- 

 tratus from Athens (ostracism) ; Collatinus and 

 Brutus, chiefs of the aristocracy, expel the Tarquius 

 from Rome. Aristocracy established. Rome main, 

 tains this government against the Tarquins and Etrus- 

 cans (Porsenna). 



Sardis destroyed by the Grecians, Miletus by the Per- 

 sians. Persian wars. Miltiades victorious at Mara- 

 thon. Xerxes, Persian king. Celts under Bellovesus 



mistocies, rausamasj. aauie 01 inermopyiae (ueaaa- 

 das). Defeat of the Carthaginians at Himera. Ar- 

 taxerxes I., Persian king. Restoration of the worship 

 of Jehovah at Jerusalem (Ezra, Nehemiah). Twelve 

 tables at Rome. Sophocles, /Kschylus in Greece. 



Cimon victorious on the F.urymedon ; peace of Cimon ; 

 deliverance of the colonies in Asia. Age of Pericles 

 (Herodotus, Euripides, Pindar, Hippocrates, Aristo- 

 phanes, Socrates) Pelopnnnesian war: Alcibiades, 

 Thucydides. Increase of the popular power in Rome. 

 Darius II., Persian king. Diodes in Syracuse. 

 Carthaginian wars in Sicily (Dionysius). Veji; 

 (landing army of Rome). Victory of the Spartans at 

 JEpospotamos (Lysander). Athens conquered ; thirty 

 tyrants. Thrasybulus. Artaxerxes II., Persian kiuif. 

 Delhi built 



Cyrus the Youngor's expedition into Upper Asia. Re. 



treat of the 10,000 Greeks, Xenophon Victory of 



Conon at Cnidus. Victory of Agesilaus at Coronea. 

 Brennus with the Celts in Rome. (Allia). Peace of 

 Antalcides, Theban war (Leiictra, Mantim-a ; Pelo- 

 pidas,L'pamiuondas). Artaxerxes III., Persian king. 

 Sun-ess of the plebeians in Rome. Plato; Praxiteies. 

 Philip, king of Macedonia. Sacred war. (Phocion.) 

 Sidon destroyed. Babylonian-Phoenician commerce 

 to the Persian gulf (Gerrha emporium for India). 

 Commerce of Rhodes with Africa and Byzantium. 



Meng-Tse in China. Indian commerce. (Mart for the 

 caravans at Palibothra.) Voyages of the Cartliaginiam 



SB 



