A.D. 



dects promulgated. Lombards in Pannonia. Chos. i 

 roes I. (Noushirvan), Persian king. Destruction of 

 the kingdom of the Vandals in Africa (Belisarius) ; 

 North Africa, Sardinia, Corsica annexed to the Byzau- 

 tine empire. 



Turkish kingdom on the Irtish and around the Altai. 

 Narses puts an end to the kingdom of the Ostrogoths ; 

 Jtaly added to the Byzantine empire. Clothaire, sole 

 king of France. Saxon Heptarchy in England. The 

 Gepidae destroyed by the Lombards and Avars. The 

 Turks emigrate to the South (Chazars, Petshenegues, 

 Uzans). Kingdom of the Lombards in Upper Italy 

 (Alboiu) ; feudal government ; feudal militia; dukes; 

 duels. Kxarchate; monkish Latin. Eastern and 

 Western Turkish kingdoms Visigothic kingdom over 

 all Spain (Leovigild). Yang-Kien, conqueror in China. 

 Gregory I., Roman bishop (Purgatory ; mass) 

 Chosroes II., king of Persia. Christianity introduced 

 into England (St Austin). 



Boniface III., universal bishop. The pope supreme head 

 of the church. Byzantine conquests in Asia and North 

 Africa.. Clothaire II., king of the Franks. (Mayors of 

 the palace; fiefs hereditary; aristocratic class). Wends 

 in Carniola, C'arinthia, and Stiria. 



Mohammed flies from Mecca (Hegira, Islam). Arabia 

 conquered, Persians defeated. Caliphate (Abubeker, 

 Omar, Osmau). Koran (635). Saracens conquer Sy- 

 ria, Phoenicia, Palestine, Persia and Egypt. Codes of 

 the Visigoths and Lombards. Normans (Iwar Wid- 

 fame) Slavonians in Russia and Poland. 



Ali ; Moawiah (Ommiades). Schism in Mohammedanism 

 (Sunnites, Shiites). Amrou ; burning of books. Pe- 

 pin d'Heristal, duke of the Franks and hereditary 

 mayor of the palace. Tournaments among the Sara- 

 cens. Northern Africa reduced by the Saracens. Sa- 

 racens defeated before Constantinople (Greek fire). 

 Cairoau built (rice and sugar-cane in Egypt). Chazars 

 in Tauris ; Danes in the Orkneys. Christianity intro- 

 duced into Friesland (Willebrod). Tonsure. 



Saracens in L.icharia, Armenia, and Asia Minor. Walid, 

 caliph. The Saracens (Mousa, Tarik) conquer Spain. 

 Fall of the kingdom of the Visigoths (Roderic, Pelagic). 

 Posts ; tournaments ; coins among the Saracens. Ara- 

 bico-lndian commerce. Hiuen-Song, political organi- 

 zation of China. Charles Martel; defeats the Saracens 

 near Tours. Masses for money ; kissing of the pope's 

 foot Conversion of Thuriugia and Hesse (Boniface). 

 Abbey of Fulda. Metropolitan in Mentz. Destruc- 

 tion of the Eastern Turkish kingdom by the Hoeites. 



Abul- Abbas; dynasty of the Abbassides. Childeric III. 

 dethroned ; end of the Merovingians. Pepin, king of 

 the Franks. Danes on the English coasts. Al Mansor, 

 caliph (flourishing period of Arabian science and art). 

 Bishop Stephen III. receives the exarchate; ecclesias- 

 tical state: the pope a secular prince. (Anointment of 

 tlie popes; patrician order 'in Rome.) Separation of 

 Spain from the caliphate (Abderhama). 



Charlemagne divides the empire of the Franks with his 

 brother Carlomau. 



Charlemagne, sole king. Wars with the Saxons. Rome 

 is conquered ; kingdom of the Lombards conquered. 

 Invasion of ( hina by the Tartars. Continuation of the 

 wars with the Saxons; (Irmensaule destroyed). 

 Tithes; Peter's pence; sacred music; cathedral and 

 monastic schools. Missi regii. Fossa Carolina be- 

 tween the Danube and Rhine Haroun al Uaschid, 

 caliph. Africa separated from the caliphate (Agla- 

 bites). Kingdom of Moravia. 



Charlemagne crowned at Rome. Prankish Roman em- 

 pire. Saxons baptized. The Eyder the frontier. 

 General canons of Aix-la-Chapelle; collection of capi- 

 tularies by Ansegisus. Decline of the caliphate after 

 1 1 aroun's death. Fgbert of Wessex founds the English 

 monarchy (8<J8). Kenneth II. in Scotland. Govern- 

 ment of the Eunuchs in China Polish kingdom 

 (Piast). Ansgar, bishop of Hamburg (831). 



Treaty of division at Verdun : Italy, France, Germany, 

 three distinct kingdoms : the latter appears in history. 

 Jut manvarium (right of private warfare). German 

 castles. Markgraves in Thuringia. Turkish guards 

 of the caliphs. 



Mantchoos, Chazars, Varagians become known. Alfred, 

 king of England. Ruric, founder of the first Russian 

 dynasty. Kingdom of Denmark founded (Gorm), of 

 JNorway (Harold). Expeditions of the Normans. 

 Struggles of the Polovtzes, Petchenegties, Varagians 

 (Russians), and Sclavonians. Magyaric kingdom in 

 Hungary. Burgundian kingdom. Anarchy in Italy. 

 Lorraine annexed to Germany. Discovery of the 

 Faroe islands and of Iceland.- Isidorian decretals. 

 Cyril converts the Chazars. Nicholas I. (first corona- 

 tion of a pope). German books (Otfried). Hereditary 

 counts and dukes in France. 



Voyages of the Norwegians to Greenland, from whence 

 they reach (995) the coast of America, tin- sincr lo-t 

 vViuland. Expeditions of the Magyars. Theyconqder 

 Great Moravia. Kingdom of the Kitans (naphtha tire 

 used in their wars) Conrad I., king of Germany; 

 tournaments in Germany; cities built; toll on the 

 Rhine. The Danes seize on the crown of England. 

 Henry the Saxon, German king. Grand dignitaries of 

 the empire ; royal palatinates. Kingdom << the Fati- 

 mites in Africa. Truce with the Hungarians. The 



1096 



111!) 



HISTORY. 755 



Hungarians defeated at Merseburg ,'933) Government 



of the emirs in Arabia. Eastern Africa discovered by 

 the Arabians and colonized. Otho I., king vf Germaut 

 (936.) 



Otho, king of Italy. Defeat of the Hungarians on the 

 Lechfield. Lingua Jiomana a written language. 

 Otho, German emperor Mines in the Hart/, moun- 

 tains. Grants to the clergy. Byzantine customs at 

 the German court, influence on arts (Theophania). 

 Chrietianity introduced into Hungary. Wladimir I. 

 the Great, prince of Kiev. Greek church in Russia. 

 Hugh Capet, king of France. Christianity introduced 

 into Prussia (Proper) ; Adalbert. Stephen I., king of 

 Hungary. Sultau Mahmoud (empire of the Ghaz- 

 nevides). 



Christianity in Sweden (Olaf Skautkonung). Massacre 

 of the Danes in England (Sweyn). Canute II., king 

 of Denmark and England. The Druses on Lebanon. 

 Conrad II. (king of Germany, of tlie Franconian 

 dynasty). Truce of God. Feudal system. Russian 

 code of laws (Yaroslaf). Sclavonic school at Nov- 

 gorod ; translation of Greek works into Sclavonic. 

 Kingdom of the Obotrites (Godeshalc) ; Togrul-Beg, 

 a SeTjook prince of Chorasan (conquers Balk, Chowa- 

 resm, Irak-Adgemi). Ferdousi, Avicenna. 



Bagdad conquered by Togrul ; kingdom of the Seljooks 

 in Central Asia and Persia. Pilgrimages to the holy 

 sepulchre. School at Bagdad. Normans in Italy 

 (Robert Guiscard). Lombard commerce in Germany. 

 Wendish commerce in the ports of the Baltic. 

 William the Conqueror in England (battle of Hastings, 

 1066). Normans in Sicily. The Comneni in Constan- 

 tinople. Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), vicar of Christ. 

 Papal power. Benedict X. assigns (1039) the election 

 of the pope to the college of cardinals. Genoa inde- 

 pendent. Medical school at Salerno. Hospital at 

 Montpellier. Tournaments in France. 



Saxon struggle for independence (Otho of Nordheim). 

 The fern-courts. Celibacy. Struggle for the investi- 

 ture; law against simony ; legates sent. Papal power 

 the bond of the Christian world. Henry IV. at 

 Canossa. Kingdom of Iconia (Soliman, 1074). Tur- 

 coman state iu Syria (Ortoc). Kingdom of Bohemia 

 (Wratislaus). Ajje of the schoolmen.- -The assassins 

 in Syria and Persia, Council of Clermont (Urban II., 

 Peter the Hermit). Icelandic Edda Feudal law in 

 England. Doomsday book. 



First Crusade. Jerusalem taken by assault. (Godfrey 

 of Bouillon). Henry I., king of England. 



Genoa a republic. Dalai-Lama in Thibet. Cliarta liber - 

 tatum in England.- Second crusade. Eastern and 

 Western Seljookiau kingdoms. The commons acquire 

 rights in Germany. Communes and corporations in 

 France. Republics in Italy. John II. ^Comueiius; 

 emperor of Byzantium. 



Orders of the knights of St John and knights Templars at 

 Jerusalem. Coucordate of Worms. (Papal ring and 

 staff). Council of the Lateran. Kingdom of Moca- 

 vides in Eastern Africa. Lothaire, German emperot 

 by election. Niudshi in Northern China. Conrad III 

 of Hohenstaufen, German emperor. (Suabian empe- 

 rors). Abelard. Stephen, king of England. 



Third crusade. J'rederic I.. German emperor. Mag- 

 netic needle kuou-u to the Arabians. Henry II., king 

 of England (house of Anjou, Plantagenets). Denmark 

 united (Waldemar I.). Confederacy of Lombaid 

 cities. Saladin, sultan of Egypt (Ayoubite Curds). 

 Magnetic needle known in Italy. Ireland conquered 

 by the English. Saladin conquers Jerusalem. Wala- 

 chian-Bulgarian empire (Peter and Asan;. Livonia 

 discovered by citizens of Bremen. Fair at Leipsic 

 (1157). Mines of Freyburg discovered. Berlin 

 founded. Spanish wool exported to England and 

 France. Flourishing period of the commerce of 

 Northern Germany. Provensal poetry. 



Fourth crusade. (Richard I., Coeur de Lion, Philip 

 Augustus of France, emperor Frederic). 



Teutonic knights. Capture of Ptolemais. The Hoheu- 

 staufens in the Two Sicilies. 



Fifth crusade. 



Pope Innocent III., sovereign of Rome. Execution of 

 heretics iu Toulouse. 



Mohammed II., sultan in Chowaresm. 



The crusaders take Constantinople by assault (Latin 

 empire : Baldwin I.). 



Dynasty of the Patans in Hindoos tan (until 1413). 



Abouhafs in Tunis and Tripoli (until 1533). The 

 empires of Nice and Trebisond. Genghis Klmii 

 founder of the empire of the Mongols '.d. 132ti) 



Crusade against the Albigeuses (the sixth). 



J.niies I. of Arragon (.Conqueror.) England tributary :i> 

 tlie pope (John Lackland). 



Battle of Bovines. 



Mugiui Cliarta. The Mongols conquer China. Tran- 

 substantiation and auricular confession ; rosary. 



Order of the Dominicans. Henry III. of England. 



Seventh crusade (Andrew II. of Hungary). 



Frederic II., emperor. Independence of Switzerland. 



Constitution of Hungary. 



Order of the Franciscans. 



Mongols in Russia. 



Louis IX. (Saint). 



Battle of Boruhoved. Octay, gri at- IMian of the Mogo'?. 



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