HISTORY. 



A.D. 



1495 



Pence of the empire nt Worms. Private warfare 

 abolished. European balance of power. North Ame- 

 rica discovered by the Cabots. Discovery of the 

 passage to the Kast Indies (H9S, Vasco de Gama). 

 Louis XII. of France. InquiMtion in Seville. 



Discovery of Brazil (Cabral). Change in the direction 

 of commerce, which becomes a more important ele- 

 ment of politics. Rrign of the Sophi in Persia (Ish- 

 mael Shah) 1503). Slave trade. Continuation of the 

 discoveries and conquests of the Spaniards and Portu- 

 guese in Africa and America. League of Cambray. 

 Thirteen Swiss cantons confederated. Henry VIII. of 

 England. Pope Leo X. St Peter's church. Flourish- 

 ing period of the fine arts (1513) (Michael Angelo, 

 Oorreggio, Titian, Leonardo da Vinci). Savonarola 

 and the Mystics. Francis I., king of France (Expedi- 

 tion over the Alps; battle of Marignano, 1515). 

 Charles I. (V.) king of Spain. Watches invented in 

 Nuremberg; air guns. Posts in Germany (1506). 

 llattle of Flodden held (1513). James IV. slain. 



The uliiise of indulgences, and the licentiousness of the 

 clergy, bring on the reformation. Luther in Witten- 

 berg. Zuinglius teaches in Switzerland. The Otto- 

 mans conquer Egypt. 



Charles V., German emperor. Elective capitulation. 

 The Sherifs become kings of Morocco. Cortes dis- 

 covers Mexico. 



End of the Middle Agei ; beginning of Modem Histoiy. 



At no period were more distinguished monarchs seated 

 at the same time upon the thrones of Europe, than at 

 the beginning of modern history : Charles V., Francis 

 1., Henry VIII., Leo X., Emanuel of Portugal, Soly. 

 man II., Sigismnnd I., and Ivan II. Massacre at 

 Stockholm (Christian, 1620). First war between 

 France and Spain (1521 1526). Edict of Worms. 

 Anabaptists. Conquests of Albuquerque in the East 

 Indies, Malacca and the Indian islands. Magellan 

 circumnavigates the world, but Cano alone returns 

 with one vessel to Spain. The Turks conquer Rhodes 

 (first use of bombs). Knights of St John at Malta. 



Abolition of the union of Calmar; Gustavus Vasa. 

 Swiss religious divisions. War of the peasants in 

 Germany. Thomas Munzer. Dispute respecting the 

 Lord's supper. Reformed or Calvinistic church. 

 Attempts of the Spaniards to discover a north-west 

 passage. Empire of the descendants of Timour 

 in India (sultan Babur). Battle of Pavia (1525). 

 Hungary and Bohemia fall to Ferdinand of Austria 

 (1526). Lutheranism in Sweden and Denmark. Se- 

 cond war between Spain and France (from 1527 to 1529) 

 Peace ofCambray . Augsburgconfession ( Melanchthon.) 

 Smalcaldic league. Post-offices in England. Con- 

 quest of Peru (Pizarro) (1532). Papal power abolished 

 in England (1533). Union of Denmark and Norway. 

 Ivan II., czar of all Russia (1533). Britanny annexed 

 to France. Anabaptists in Munster (John of Leyden, 

 1534). Third war between France and Spain (1535 

 1538). Conquest of Chile and Guatemala. Wales 

 annexed to England. Mennonites. Roman school 

 of painters (Raphael), German (Albert Durer). 

 The Bible printed in English ; monasteries suppressed 

 in England. 



Jesuits. (Ignatius Loyola). Continuation of the dis- 

 coveries and conquests of the Portuguese and Spaniards 

 in Asia, Africa, and America. Fourth war between 



Spain and France (from 1542 to 1544) Copernicus 



(died 1543). Peace of Crespy (1544). 



Smalcaldic religious war. Maurice of Saxony elector 

 (1548). Imperial interim of Augsburg. New French 

 war (Henry II.) from 1552 to 1556. Edward VI. of 

 England. The English discover the passage by sea to 

 Archangel (Richard Chancellor) ; decline of the Hansa- 

 Mary of England. Kazan and Astrachan Russian 

 provinces (1552 and 1554). 



Religious peace of Augsburg (Protestantism tolerated). 

 Philip II. king of Spain (abdication of Charles V.) 

 (1555). War between Spain and France (from 1557 to 

 1559). Parma's victory at St Quentin). Elizabeth, 

 queen of England (1558). Factions in France (Guises 

 and Bourbons). Religious struggles in France. 

 Renewal of the council of Trent (1562). War between 

 Sweden and Denmark (from 1563 to 1570). Marriage 

 of Mary Queen of Scots to Lord Darnley (1565). Mur- 

 der of Lord Darnley. Resignation of Mary. Murray 

 appointed Regent of Scotland (1587). Battle of Lang- 

 side (1568). Murray assassinated (1569). Insurrection 

 of the Low Countries against Spain (Geux) (1566). 

 Attempts of the English to discover a north-west pas- 

 sage (Frobisher). Jermac Timofejew shows the 

 Russians the way to Siberia. Inquisition in Spanish 

 America. Test act (1572). Poland an elective mo- 

 narchy ; extinction of the house of Yagellon. Mas- 

 sacre of St Bartholomew's at Paris (1572), peace of 

 Rochelle (1573). Stephen Bathori king of Poland 

 (Cossacks). The League of the Catholics (Henry 

 Guise). Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the 

 world, and re-discovers West Greenland. Sebastian 

 of Portugal is reported to have fallen in the battle of 

 Alcasar ; with him and his uncle Henry the dynasty 

 of Aviz becomes extinct, and the greatness of Portugal 

 ends (1 578). 



Union of Utrecht; confederation of the United Pro. 



A.D 



1579 



1IJIS 

 1619 



1G44 



1U4S 



1649 

 1651 

 IU53 



1650 

 ItiliO 



757 



vincps (William of Orange). Commerce of Holland and 

 Hamburg (after the decline of the commerce of Ant- 

 werp and the Rhenish cities). Portugal is conquered 

 by Spain (Alva) (1581). Pope Sixtus V. (1585). 

 League of the seven Catholic Swiss cantons at Lu- 

 cerne (1584). Raleigh discoversVirginia ; first English 

 attempts at colonization in N. America. Mary Stuart 

 beheaded (15S7). Destruction of the I-panifh armada 

 (iS^sy). Henry IV. ; house of Bourbon in France (1589). 

 States- General in Holland. Edict of Nantes ; Sully 

 (1598). Touran annexed to Russia. Gregorian cal- 

 endar (Oct. 5, 1682). Construction of highways in 

 France. Peace of Vervins (1598); decline of Spanish 

 greatness. Philip II. d. 1598. 



English East India company. James I. ; house ol 

 Stuart on the English throne (1603). Charles IX., 

 hereditary king of Sweden (1604). Gunpowder plot 

 (1605;. Union of Heidelberg. '1 ruce of Antwerp; 

 independence of Holland acknowledged (1609). Ex- 

 pulsion of the Moors from Spain. First permanent 

 settlement in North America by the English ; James- 

 town, 1607. Extension of the Dutch settlements in 

 Africa and Asia, at the expense of Portugal. New 

 York discovered by the Dutch (1609) ; New Nether- 

 lands. Henry IV. conceives the plan of a European 

 confederation ; murdered by Ravaillac (1610). Louis 

 XII 1., king of France. Catholic league in Germany. 

 The telescope invented. Gustavus Adolphus, the 

 great king of Sweden (1611). Hudson discovers the 

 buy called after him (1607). Quebec founded (1608); 

 permanent French colony in Canada. 



Michael Fedorowitz, czar of Russia (house of Romanoff). 

 Logarithms invented (1614). Swedish-Polish war ; 

 Livonia annexed to Sweden (from 1617 to 1629). 



Insurrection of the Utraquists in Prague. Thirty years' 

 war. 



Synod of Dort. Ferdinand II., German emperor. 

 Whigs and tories. Settlement of New England (1620) 

 War between Spain and Holland (16.211648). 

 Battle at the White mountain ; Frederic elector pala- 

 tine abandons Bohemia (1620), and is put under the 

 ban of the empire. Bavaria receives the palatinate. 

 Richelieu in France (16241642). Danish war (1625 

 1629). Charles I. of England. Bacon d. (1626). War 

 for the inheritance of Mantua (1G:<7 1631). Capture 

 of Rochelle (subjection of the Huguenots). Petition of 

 rights (1628). Edict of restitution (1629). Gustavus 

 Adolphus lands on the island of Rugen. (Battles of 

 Leipsic, Lutzen, Nordlingen). War between France 

 and Spain (1635 1659). Peace of Prague. Maryland 

 settled (1634). The Scottish covenanters take arms 

 in defence of presbytery (1639). 



Portugal independent; house of Braganza. Long par. 

 1 lament (1640 1653). Power of the house of commons ; 

 Independents. Civil war in England begins. War 

 between Denmark and Sweden (1634 1645). 



Mantchoos in China. Battle of Marston Moor. 



Peace of Westphalia, Sweden powerful in the North, 

 France in the West; Germany broken. Fronde in 

 France. 



Charles I. beheaded. English commonwealth. Olirer 

 Cromwell. 



Louis XIV., king of France (Mazarin). Navigation act 

 War between England and Holland (1652 to 1654). 



Cromwell lord protector of England. Charles X. 

 House of Deux -Fonts on the Swedish throne. Peace 

 of Westminster. War between Sweden and Poland 

 (1655 1660) War between England and Spain (1656 

 1658). 



Treaty at Wehlau ; Prussia a sovereign power (Frederic 

 William, elector since 1640). War between Sweden 

 and Denmark (16571660). 



Peace of the Pyrenees. Aureng-Zebe. 



Restoration of the Stuarts (Charles II.). Revolution in 

 Denmark; Frederic 111. ; hereditary monarchy. 



Louis XIV. assumes the government. Growth of the 

 British and French power in America. 



Paris, the centre of literature and taste. Golden age of 

 France. Louis XIV. concentrates the powers of the 

 government in himself, and begins a course which 

 results in the revolution. War between Hungary and 

 Turkey (from 1661 to 1664). 



Permanent diet at Ratisbon. War between England 

 and Holland (1664 to 1667). New York taken by the 

 English. War between. France and Spain for the 

 devolution of Flanders (1667 to 1668). Triple alliance 

 against France. Decline of Persia (Soliman Shah). 

 Turks conquer Candia (Kiuprili). Cabal ministry in 

 England. Mercantile system. War between France 

 ana Holland (]672 1678). Restoration of the here- 

 ditary stadtholdership (William III. of Orange) 



First settlement of S. Carolina (Port Royal, 1670). 

 War between Sweden and Prussia (1674 1679). 

 Peace of Nimeguen (1678). Peace of St Germain and 

 Fontainebleau (1679). William Dampier's voyage 

 round the world (1679 1695). Quakers in Pennsyl. 

 vania (William Penn) (1682). Propositions of the 

 Galilean church. War between Turkey and Hungary 

 (1683 1699). Relief of Vienna (Sobiesky). James II 

 of England. Revocation of the edict of Nantes (1685) , 

 emigrations of Protestants (Refugirt) ; French 

 fashions, language and industry *iu Germany and 

 Enpland. DrairoonadeH. Crowu ot Hungary here* 



