760 



HISTORY. 



ID. 



17 ,-3 



1793 



pendanre of the Irish parliament. Preliminaries of 

 Paris (November 30). 



Heraclius, ciar of Georgia, submits to Russia. Incor- 

 poration of the Crimea with Russia (Russian maritime 

 power on the Black sea). Hyder Ali d. ; his eon, Tip- 

 poo Saib, succeeds. Peace of Versailles (Sept. 3). 

 (real Britain acknowledges the independence of the 

 United States, cedes Tobago and Senegal to France, 

 the Floridas and Minorca to Spain, and retains Nega. 

 pat Kin. Balloon ( Montgolner). 



Finam-ial distre-s in France at its height: the debt is 

 nearly 0000 million livres, the deficit annually 80,000,000, 

 and after 1787, 11 1,000,000. Peace of the English with 

 Tippoo Sib. The province of Holland suspends the 

 stadtholder from the dignity of commander in-chief j in 

 Utrecht is funned the Anti-Orange assembly of cities. 

 Dispute respecting the Scheldt (The Dutch extin- 

 guish the claims of Joseph II. by paying 10,000,000 of 

 guilders) Sweden purchases St Bartholomew. Wil- 

 son's voyage round the world. 



Illuminati in Bavaria. Project for the exchange of Ba- 

 varia for the Netherlands. League of German princes 

 (Frederic the Great's last act). Formation of the Sierra 

 Leone soc-iety. 



Frederic the Great d. ; his profligate and weak-minded 

 nephew, Frederick William II., succeeds him. Con- 

 gress at Ems. Dutch revolution,- the patriots reject 

 the idea of a stadtholder ; the wife of William V. is 

 arrested on her journey to the Hague. Troubles in 

 the Austrian Netherlands on account of the reforms of 

 Joseph II. Treaty of commerce between England and 

 France. La Perouse's voyage of discovery. Caglios- 

 tro. Magnetism. Wollner, favourite of the king of 

 Prussia. Shays's insurrection in Massachusetts (1788 

 and I7S7). 



Plan of taxing the privileged orders in France. Meeting 

 of the notables; the states-general demanded. The 

 convention for forming a constitution for the United 

 States, adopts the federal constitution. The duke of 

 Brunswick enters Holland with 20,000 Prussians ; it is 

 conquered in twenty days, and the stadtholder re- 

 established in his authority. War with the Turks. 

 William Bligh circumnavigates the world (1787 1790). 



The French minister Brienne incapable of quieting the 

 storm. Charles IV., king of Spain. War between 

 Russia and Turkey, and between Russia and Sweden. 

 Establishment of 'the colony of New South Wales ; 

 Botany Bay. The federal constitution adopted by the 

 state conventions. 



Beginning of the French revolution; constituent assem- 

 bly ; the third estate acquires the preponderance (abbe 

 Sieyes); Necker again minister; Bastile taken (July 

 14) ; feudal system abolished (August 4) ; origin of the 

 clubs. (Orleans, Mjrabeau). The 5th and oth Octo- 

 ber. Corsica united with France. Coburg and Su- 

 waroff defeat the Turks ; Lnudon takes Belgrade ; the 

 Russians obtain Bender, Akermann, and Choczim. 

 Troubles in the Netherlands (Vander Noot, Meerech) ; 

 in Hungary ; Prussia and the maritime powers deter- 

 mine to assist the Turks. Washington, first president 

 of the United States (till 1797). First congress under 

 the federal constitution meets at New York (March 4). 



France divided into eighty-three departments ; confisca- 

 tion of goods abolished; lettres ae cachet abolished; 

 war and peace belong to the nation ; membership of the 

 national guards essential for citizenship; abolition of 

 hereditary nobility; sale of the church lands; civil 

 constitution of the clergy; creation of justices of the 

 peace and family courts; useful inventions made the 

 property of the inventor. Necker dismissed September 

 4. Confederation of the Champ-de-Mars, July 14. 

 Beginning of emigration. Patriotic donations amount 

 (July 31) to 12,500,000 francs. Frankli a d. Joseph II. 

 d. Termination of the dispute between Spain and 

 Great Britain respecting Nootka sound (the north-west 

 coast, British). War with the Indians ; general Har- 

 mar defeated. First census of the United States; 

 3,929,536 inhabitants. Troubles in Hungary and the 

 Netherlands quieted. 



Miraboau d. ; the church of St Genevieve converted into 

 the Pantheon ; decree that no member of the constitu- 

 ent assembly should be re-eligible to the next national 

 assembly; issue of 600,000,000 of assignats; the king 

 and family attempt to escape, arrested atVarennes; 

 constitution of Sept. 3, 1791 (limited monarchy) ; first 

 session of the legislative assembly ; the property of the 

 princes and other emigrants confiscated ; insurrection 

 at St Domingo. Poland receives a new constitution, 

 the elective monarchy made hereditary. Vermont 

 admitted into the Union. General St Clair defeated by 

 the Indians. 



In France, property of the emigrants declared national ; 

 guillotine ; war against the king of Bohemia and Hun- 

 gary ; August 10, the king suspended ; August 13, king 

 and family carried to the Temple; the massacre of the 

 . il and 3d of September ; Louvre national museum ; 

 national convention ; substitution of citoyen and citoy- 

 enne for moniieur and madame. September 21, aboli- 

 tion of royalty, moved by Collot-d'Herbols ; September 

 28, the French republic declared one and indivisible; 

 emigrants banished for ever under pain of death. Maro- 

 foto of the duke of Brunswick. Cannonade of Valmy 

 fKellermanJ). The allies driven out of France, D'l- 



mouriez victorious at Jemappes. Montesquieu occu- 

 pies Savoy, Custine Mentz. Savoy annexed to France. 



I riti-.li sinking fund increased. Intercourse of Rus- 

 sia with China by the ancient route through KiachU 

 restored. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 



Louis XVI., thirty-eight years old, having reigned over 

 eighteen years, beheaded JHD. 21 (of 714 votes 428 were 

 for death ; Malesherbes and Tronchet defend him) ; 

 constitution of 1793; May 31, the Mountain party vic- 

 torious over the Girondists ; terrorism, revolutionary 

 tribunal, committee of public safety (Robespierre). 

 War against England and Holland. The German em- 

 pire, Great Britain, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, Spain, 

 Sardinia, the Two Sicilies, and the pope against France ; 

 insurrections in Vendee, Lyons, Bourdemix, Marseilles , 

 Toulon tnkenby the English, and LouisXVII. declared 

 king. Eleven armies created by a levy en tnaste; 

 Jourdan defeats the Austrians at Fleury, Pichegru 

 takes possession of Holland ; Lyons taken ; Toulon re- 

 covered (Napoleon Bonaparte lieutenant of artillery). 

 Forced loan of two milliards of francs applicable to the 

 rich only; law of the maximum. Marie Antoinette 

 executed, October 16; Philip Egalite (Orleans), No- 

 vember 6. Marat killed by Charlotte Corday, July 13 , 

 telegraph (Chappe); uniformity of weights Bud mea- 

 sures; first discussion of the new code, presented by 

 Cambaceres ; every workman receives two francs for 

 each session of his section in Paris; women obliged to 

 wear the tricolored cockade. Alliance of Spain and 

 Great Britain at Aranjeuz. Second partition of Poland 

 (the republic hardly retains one-third of her territory). 



French arms every where successful on land, but the 

 British by sea. In France terrorism continues. Jan. 

 4, slavery abolished; Robespierre, the Incorruptible, 

 dictator until the revolution of 9th Thermidor (July 

 27), executed July 28 ; the more moderate party rules ; 

 maximum abolished ; the revolutionary tribunal remo- 

 deled. Conquest of the Netherlands. The minister of 

 the United States receives the fraternal accolade from 

 the president of the convention ; clubs suppressed, and 

 Jacobins dispersed; primary schools established. In- 

 surrection in Poland ; Kosciusko is taken prisoner at 

 Maciewice by the Russians. Suwarotf storms Praga 

 the suburb of Warsaw; 14,000 persons massacred. 

 Indians defeated by general Wayne. Insurrection in 

 Pennsylvania. Jay's treaty. 



New revolution in Paris ; struggle of the Jacobins against 

 the moderate party continues ; the former subjected. 

 Third constitution (five directors at the head of govern- 

 ment ; councils of the uncients and of the five hundred). 

 Depreciation of the assignats and mandats. Peace with 

 Tuscany, Prussia (at Bale), Spain, and Hesse-Cassel; 

 defeat of the emigrants at Quiberon. The prince of 

 peace (Godoy) favourite in Spain. Disturbances in Ire- 

 land. Revolution in Amsterdam and Leyden (January). 



The stadtholder flies to England ; his office abolished ; 

 peace between Holland and France (Flanders, Maes- 

 tricht, and Venloo ceded to the latter). Third and final 

 partition of Poland, October 24. 



Jourdan and Moreau pass the Rhine ; the archduke 

 Charles victorious ; famous retreat of Moreau. Bona- 

 parte general in Italy, conquers all the northern part, 

 except Mantua, and forces Sardinia to a peace. Hoche 

 restores tranquillity in Vendee ; Corsica retaken from 

 the British ; attempted landing in Ireland unsuccessful. 

 Peaces and armistices concluded between France and 

 the German princes and the pope. Association of 

 Northern Germany. Naples neutral. Alliance of 

 Spain with France at St Ildefonso. Confusion of the 

 Dutch finances; national assembly at the Hague. 

 Catharine II. d. ; Paul I., emperor of Russia. Ten- 

 nessee admitted into the Union. 



Bonaparte victorious over three Austrian armies, con- 

 quers Mantua, and obliges the pope to conclude the 

 peace of Toleutino. Hoche and Moreau pass the Rhine. 

 Preliminaries of peace at Leoben. Ligurian and Cisal- 

 pine republics established. Old Venetian government 

 dissolved. Revolution of I8th Fructidor. Bankruptcy 

 under the name of consolidated third. Peace of Cam- 

 po-Formio (Austria receives, in exchange for the 

 Netherlands and Lombardy, Venice, Modena, the 

 Brisgau). Congress of Rastadt. Bonaparte, returning 

 from Italy, is received by the directory with great dis- 

 tinction. Naval battle at St Vincent Mutinies in the 

 British navy. Suspension of specie payments by the 

 bank of England (without serious consequences). 



Passwan Oglu at Widdiu. New commercial treaty 

 between Russia and Great Britain. John Adams 

 second president of the United States. Treaties with 

 France declared to be no longer binding. 



General seizure of British merchandise ; forced loan of 

 eighty millions of francs for the descent upon Bri- 

 tain. Roman republic. The Rhenish frontier the 

 basis of peace. Geneva annexed to France ; revolution 

 in Switzerland. Maritime edict of Nivose ^9. Bona- 

 parte fails from Toulon, destination unknown ; takes 

 Malta; invades Egypt. Nelson destroys the French 

 fleet at Aboukir. New coalition against France. The 

 French enter Tuscany, Lucca, and Naples. Rebellion 



, 

 New Helvetic, Lemanic (Geneva) and Rhodanic 



