HISTORY. 



761 



(Avignon; republics. The Russians and Turks con- 

 quer the Ionian Islands. Paul assumes the title of 

 protector of the order of Malta; Odessa begins to 

 flourish. 



The archduke Charles is victorious in Germany ; Jour- 

 dan retreats behind the Rhine. Charles enters Swit- 

 zerland ; Suwaroff in Italy ; the British land in Hol- 

 land. Revolution of 30tli Prairial. Massena victorious 

 iu Italy ; the British unsuccessful in Holland. Paul 

 secedes from the coalition, and Suwaroff returns to 

 Russia, Oct. 7. Bonaparte returns to France, informed 

 of the disasters of his country by his brother Joseph. 

 Revolution of the 16th Brumaire (fourth constitution). 

 Bonaparte first consul for 10 years. He re-establishes 

 order. Northern convention; difficulties between 

 Denmark and Great Britain ; the British take Serin- 

 gapatam ; Tippoo Saib falls before the gates of his 

 capital, and Mysore is divided among the conquerors. 

 Republic of the Seven Islands. Washington d. 



Restoration of civil and military order in trance. Ar- 

 maments. Army of reserve at Dijon. List of emi- 

 grants closed. Beginning of the campaign on the 

 Rliine (Moreau). The army of reserve passes the St 

 Bernard. Bonaparte victorious at Marengo ; Moreau 

 at Hohenlinden. Malta taken by the British. Act 

 of union with Ireland passed. Convention between 

 the United States and the French republic. Attempt 

 against the life of the first consul (infernal machine). 

 Northern convention for the restoration of the armed 

 neutrality. Pius VI. (Chiaramonti) pope. 



Revolution in Switzerland. Egypt evacuated. Peace 

 of Luneville (the Adige becomes the frontier between 

 the Cisalpine republic and Austria, the left bank of 

 the Rhine and Piedmont remain French ; Tuscany 

 ceded to Parma, as the kingdom of Etruria). Prussia 

 joins the northern convention. Peace with Sicily, 

 Portugal, Russia. Concordate with the pope. Expe- 

 dition of 25,000 French troops to St Domingo, des- 

 troyed by disease and the Negroes. War between 

 Spain and Portugal. Nelson victorious at Copenhagen. 

 Prussians take possession of Hanover. Restoration of 

 the Catholic worship in France. Pitt retires from the 

 ministry; Addington minister. Preliminaries of peace 

 at Ixjndon. Peace of Madrid (Portugal, and Spain), of 

 Paris (Russia with France and Spain). Congress of 

 Amiens. Constitutions in Holland, Switzerland, and 

 Lucca. Union with Ireland effected. First imperial 

 parliament. The vizier of Oude taken under the pro- 

 tection of the British ; the nabob of Arcot pensioned ; 

 the Carnatic conquered by the British. Paul I. 

 strangled. Alexander I., emperor and autocrat of 

 Russia. Georgia a Russian province. Thomas Jef- 

 ferson third president (till 1809). War against Tripoli. 



Peace of Amiens with the British, who of all their con- 

 quests retain only Ceylon and Trinidad; republic of 

 the Seven Islands acknowledged. Peace with the 

 Porte ; France acquires the right of navigation on the 

 Black sea. Legion of honour. Bonaparte consul for 

 life, president of the Italian republic. Piedmont 

 French. Amnesty of the emigrants. Treaties of in- 

 demnification with Russia, Prussia, Wurtemberg, 

 Orange, and Austria. The Valais an independent 

 republic. Liguria receives a new constitution. 

 Peace between Spain and Portugal at Badajoz ; Oli- 

 venga remains Spanish. Russian senate restored. 

 War in Hayti. Ohio admitted into the Union. 

 Louisiana ceded by Spain to France. 



Bank in France. France interferes in the Helvetic dis- 

 turbances ; act of mediation. New maritime war. 

 France occupies Hanover. Beginning of the conti- 

 nental system. Louisiana purchased by the United 

 States for 15,000,000 dollars. Recess of the deputation 

 of the empire (Germany cedes to France 25,500 square 

 miles, with four millions of inhabitants ; almost all 

 the imperial cities and the spiritual principalities 

 abolished ; four new electors created : Salzburg, 

 Wurtemberg, Baden, and Hesse). Peace between the 

 British and the Mahrattas (the Great Mogul pen- 

 sioned ; the East India company acquires Delhi, 

 Agra, &c.) 



Conspiracy against Bonaparte (Pichegru, Georges, 

 Moreau). Duke d'Enghien shot. Napoleon Bona- 

 parte, emperor of the French (anointed and crowned, 

 Dec. 2.) Great preparations in Boulogne for a descent 

 upon England Austria a hereditary empire. Pitt 

 minister. Kant d. Establishment of the colony of 

 Van Diemen's Land. Sannikof discovers New Siberia. 



Genoa and Parma united with France. Coalition of Aus- 

 tria and Russia against France. Napoleon in Vienna. 

 Peace of Presburg ; takes from Austria, Venice, 

 Tyrol, Breisgau, &c. ; Tuscany receives Wurtzburg iu 

 exchange for Saltzburg. Nelson victorious at Trafal- 

 gar against the French and Spanish fleet ; killed in the 

 action. Lucca granted as a hereditary principality to 

 Napoleon's sister Eliza, and her husband Bacciochi. 

 Schimmelpennink pensionary of Holland with dictato- 

 rial power. Schiller d. Negro state of Hayti; Des- 

 salines emperor, under the name of James I. 



Holland a kingdom under Louis I., Napoleon. Berg 

 and Cleves given to Joachim Murat. brother-in-law of 

 Napoleon, Naples to Joseph, brother of Napoleon. 

 The former king retires to Sicily, where he is protected 

 by the British (Collingwood). Eugene Beauliarnais 



declared viceroy of Italy and successor of Nnpoleon on 

 the imperial throne. German empire dissolved. Na- 

 poleon protector of the confederation of the Rhine. 

 Maximilian I., king of Bavaria; Frederic I., king of 

 Wurtemberg ; Charles Frederic, grand-duke of Baden . 

 Louis, grand.duke of Hesse ; Dalberg, prince.primate. 

 Imperial family statute. The idea of the grand 

 empire developed. Prussia takes possession of Han- 

 over; Britain declares war against Prussia. Napoleon 

 marches to Germany; victorious at Auerstadt and 

 Jena. Napoleon's decree of Berlin, declaring the Bri- 

 tish islands in a state of blockade. Saxony a kingdom. 

 Dessalines killed. Pitt d. Jan. 3. ; Fox, minister, d. 

 Sept. 13. Turkish war. The British conquer the cape 

 of Good Hope and Buenos Ayres, but evacuate the 

 latter. Disturbances in South America. American 

 vessels captured by British cruisers ; the latter for- 

 bidden to enter American ports. 



War between France and Russia. Battles of Eylau and 

 Friedland. Peace of Tilsit. Prussia loses half her 

 territory, which her enemies and allies divide. Elector 

 of Hesse and duke of Brunswick deprived of their 

 prerogatives of sovereignty. Kingdom of Westphalia 

 under Jerome, brother of Napoleon, and duchy of 

 Warsaw founded. Confederation of the Rhine extends 

 to the Baltic. Great continental system (British 

 orders in council; Milan decree). The British l>om- 

 bard Copenhagen and take the Danish fleet. Attack 

 on the American frigate Chesapeake. Embargo laid 

 by the government of the United States. Ragusa 

 united with Italy. The French enter Spain ai,d Por- 

 tugal. The house of Braganza flees to Brazil. Code 

 Napoleon. The constitution of the Mulattoes (Petion, 

 and of the Negroes (emperor Henry in Hayti. Aboli- 

 tion of the slave-trade by the British parliament. 

 Revolution in Constantinople ; Selim III. dethroned; 

 Mustapha IV., Padishah. The Wahabites in Mecca 

 and Medira. The British obtain possession of Surat 

 and other districts. The British again conquer Buenos 

 Ayres and again abandon it. 



War between Russia and Sweden. Revolution at Aran- 

 juez. Napoleon dethrones the Bourbon dynasty of 

 Spain. Joseph Napoleon, king of Spain ; Joachim 

 Murat, king of Naples ; Berg is subsequently given to 

 the prince royal of Holland. Congress of Erfurt. 

 Revolution in Constantinople; Mahmoudll., Padishah. 

 The French arms unsuccessful in Spain. The 

 emperor goes thither himself. Abolition of the inqui- 

 sition and feudal privileges. The Wahabites spread 

 over Western Asia. Insurrection in Venezuela. 

 War in Spain continues. Austria declares war against 

 France. Napoleon in Vienna. Battles of Aspern and 

 Wagram. Peace of Vienna (Austria loses Illyria, 

 which, with Dalmatia, is erected into a state under the 

 protection of France ; Western Galicia and the salt 

 mines of Wieliczka ceded to Warsaw; Tarnopol to 

 Russia; Saltzburg, &c., to Bavaria). Napoleon arbi- 

 trator of Europe. Abolition of the temporal power of 

 the pope ; Valais annexed to France ; the Ionian 

 republic French. Revolution by the Swedish aristo- 

 cracy; Gustavus IV. deprived of the throne; Charles 

 XIII., king. Peace with Russia at Fredericshamm, by 

 which the Swedes lose Finland, Aland, and part of the 

 Lappmark. The prince of Holstein-Augustenburg 

 chosen successor to the throne. Madison fourth pre- 

 sident of the United States. Embargo repealed; non- 

 intercourse law. Battle of Corunnu ; fall of Sir John 

 Moore. 



The Spaniards confined in Cadiz ; Wellington British com- 

 mander in Portugal. The pope excommunicates Na- 

 poleon (is carried to France; the States of the church 

 and Tuscany incorporated with France; Rome be- 

 comes the second capital of the empire). Napoleon 

 repudiates Josephine and marries Maria Louisa, 

 daughter of the emperor of Austria. Decree of Tri- 

 anon ; Louis deprived of Holland, which is incorporated 

 with France, as is also the north-west of Germany, the 

 mouths of the Ems, Jahde, Wcser, and Elbe ; a new 

 hereditary nobility in France ; the imperial university 

 established. The prince of Augusteuberg d. ; Charles 

 John Bernadotte elected Swedish crown-prince. 

 Revolutions in Caraccas, Mexico, Southern Peru, and 

 Buenos Ayres. Affair of the Little Belt 

 Jnsuccessful negotiations between Russia and France. 

 Prince of Wales is made prince regent King of Rome 

 (son of Napoleon) born. War in Spain carried on 



with various success Declaration of independence of 



the seven provinces of Venezuela (July 5). Bogota 

 (New- Granada) declares itself independent. The 

 government of the United Provinces of the Rio de la 

 Plata (Buenos Ayres) frees the Indians from tribute 

 Mohammed Ali, pacha of Egypt Louisiana admitted 

 into the Union. 



Napoleon marches to Russia. An army of 500,000 men 

 passes the Niemen. Austria and Prussia allies of 

 France. Alexander makes peace with the Turks; 

 acquires Bessarabia and part of Moldavia. French 

 enter Moscow, which is burnt September 16. Disas- 

 trous retreat of the French, and destruction of the 

 army. Not more than 10,000 men iu a fighting con- 

 dition reach the frontier. York, Prussian general, 

 goes over to the Russians. Napoleon in Paris, orga- 

 uizes a new army. War between United States and 



