HISTORY. 



7t>3 



I direction of affairs, and, in Lima, is elected commander- 

 in-chief of Peru. Disturbances in Brazil are sup- 

 pressed, and Monte Video, under ths name of Cixpla- 

 tina, forms u part of the great empire. 'J'lie national 

 convention in Mexico pronounces the union of all the 

 Mexican provinces in one confederacy, on the moflel 

 of the union of the Anglo- American states. 



Rebellion of the Infant Miguel at Lislion. The king flees 

 on board the British admiral's vessel in the Tagns. 

 Internal peace is restored, don Miguel exiled, the 

 queen put in a convent: the fermentation continues. 

 In Spain, peace is preserved by French arms only, 

 and it is stipulated by treaty, that the French army 

 shall remain in Spain until jnnuary 1, 1826. But the 

 Camarilla and Apostolic Junta demand religious and 

 political persecution. August 3, a constitutional corps 

 lands at Tarifa, but is defeated August 19. Only 

 25,000 French remain, and occupy Cadiz, Barcelona, 

 Sanmossa, Vittoria, &c. In France, unsuccessful op- 

 position of the chambers to the ministry. Birmese 

 war. The king of the Netherlands cedes the Dutch 

 East India colonies on the continent, with Malacca, to 

 the British, in exchange for the British Sumatra and 

 Bencoolen ; the sultan of Palembang cedes his territory 

 to the Netherlands, and receives a pension. In Ger- 

 many, new prosecutions against the liberals. The 

 Knssian south-west company is founded. Gonsalvi d. 

 Lord Byron in Greece. Mohammed Pacha repels the 

 Wahabites. Iturbide returns to Mexico, but is taken 

 and executed. Mexican confederacy. The Spaniards 

 drive the Colombians from Lima, but their army iu 

 Upper Peru is defeated at the battle of Ayacucho, De- 

 cember 9. Disturbances in Brazil suppressed. The 

 emperor swears to the new constitution. Lafayette in 

 America. 



Portugal acknowledges the independence of Brazil, Aug. 

 9. The ultra party, in spite of the amnesty, causes 

 troubles iu that country and in Spain. Change of 

 ministers; insurrections break out. The civil list, in- 

 demnification of emigrants and three per cents, occupy 

 the French chamber; Villele prevails. Independence 

 of Hayti acknowledged. Charles X. crowned at 

 Rheims, May 29. Great Britain acknowledges the 

 South American republics, January 1. Great crisis. 

 Scarcity of money at London and Paris, felt all over 

 Europe and the United States. Alexander I. died Dec. 

 1, at Taganrock ; Cesarovitch Constantine declared 

 emperor, but he renounces in favour of his brother 

 Nicholas. Disturbances in consequence at St Peters- 

 burg. Ibrahim Pacha, son of the pacha of Egypt, de- 

 vastates the Morea. Reshid Pacha advances to Misso. 

 lough i, which is defended with heroism. By sea, the 

 Greeks are generally victorious. Birmese war con- 

 tinued; the British march up the Irrawaddi, take 

 Prome. Beginning of the insurrection in Java. 

 Bolivar dictator of Peru, conquers Cusco. Upper Peru 

 declares itself independent, under the title of Bolivia. 

 Dispute between the provinces of La Plata and Brazil, 

 respecting Cisplatina; December 10, the emperor de- 

 clared war against the United Provinces, after hostili- 

 ties had been commenced. J. O. Adams, sixth presi- 

 dent of the United States. 



John VI. of Portugal d. ; his will appoints the Infanta 

 Isabella Maria head of the regency, which don Miguel 

 acknowledges, April 7, at Vienna, and the emperor 

 Pedro I. confirms. The latter renounces the crown of 

 Portugal in favour of his daughter Maria da Gloria, a 

 child seven years old, and gives a liberal constitution, 

 July 31. The monks and nobility oppose the charter; 

 insurrections break out, and, October 9, don Miguel is 

 proclaimed absolute king; but he swears to observe 

 the constitution, October 30, and is contracted with 

 Maria da Gloria. Chaves and Silveyra attack the 

 regent, and Canning sends 15,000 men to assist her. 

 Spam torn by the apostolic party. In France, the 

 Jesuits (Congregation) and the nbsolutit.ts become 

 bolder. In the Netherlands, troubles respecting the 

 ultramontane principles. Adams and Jefferson die, 

 July 4. Congress of Ackerman settles the disputes be- 

 tween Russia and Turkey. Great conflagration in 

 Constantinople ; European soldiers. Missolonghi taken 

 by the Turks, April 23, but her heroic defence attracts 

 the attention of all Europe. Factions distract Greece. 

 In East India, the rajah of Bhurtpore subjected ; the 

 Birmans compelled to conclude a peace with the British 

 before their capital, by which Aracan and the south- 

 western coast becoBM British, and Assam and the Gar. 

 row princes are delivered from the Birmans. The 

 Chinese fight against the revolted Tartars in Mongolia. 

 Great Britain closes the ports of the West Indies.-- 

 Chiloe and Callao, the last places which the Spaniards 

 held on the continent of America. Congress of Pana- 

 ma. The credit of the South American republics 

 declines. Paez revolts against Bolivar, who enters 

 Caracas and quiets the country. New Holland becomes 

 more known by travels iu the interior. 



The British army restores tranquillity in Portugal. In 

 France, the ministry unpopular, the law relating to the 

 jury passed, but not the law against the press. Na- 

 tional guards abolished. France favourably disposed 

 towards Greece; sends a fleet to Algiers. The Con- 

 gregation grows powerful. Lord Liverpool succeeded 

 By Canning, as prime minister. The pope confirms a 



new monastic order. The Persians in the war witli 

 Russia, are defeated at all points. Abbas Mir/a de- 

 feated, and the fortress of Abbas Abad taken. The 

 Russians advance in Aran, conquer Erivan, &c., and, 

 in the peace, Persia is obliged to cede Aran, Sec., and 

 pay 18,000,000 rubles. Cochrane arrives in Greece, but 

 cannot prevent the fall of Athens. The Greeks, in 

 great danger, implore the aid of the European powers. 

 The Tartar insurrection against China continues. 

 Pnez submits to the liberator. Counterrevolution in 

 Peru, which overthrows all the institutions of Bolivar. 

 'Hie treaty of pacification, in favour of Greece, be- 

 tween Britain, Russia, and France, is signed. Capo 

 d'Istria is elected president of Hellas. The Carlists iu 

 Spain (called now Agraviadoi), demand the restoration 

 of the inquisition, and excite an insurrection in Tarra- 

 gona. The Warspite, the first British ship of the line 

 which sailed round the earth, returns. The king of the 

 Netherlands signs the concordate with the pope. 

 Canning d. Goderich administration. Earthquake at 

 Tpkat. Captain Parry returns from the North sea, 

 without having found the desired passage. In the 

 battle of Navarino, October 20, the British, Russian, 

 and French fleets destroy the Egyptian fleet. Clapper- 

 ton dies. . 



Capo d'Istria lands in Greece. He establishes the Pan- 

 hellenicon at Napoli. Abolition of the test and cor- 

 poration acts. Wellington's administration. Don 

 Miguel arrives in Lisbon, dissolves the chambers, 

 summons the cortes, which proclaims him absolute 

 monarch. The constitutionalists, who march from 

 Coimbra, are defeated. The British leave the forts at 

 Lisbon. The Brazilian ministers at London and Vienna 

 protest against the usurpation of don Miguel. The 

 Russian cabinet declares that it must have satisfaction 

 for itself from the Porte, but as to Greece, it agrees 

 with France and Britain. Declaration of war, April 

 26. The Russian campaign begins; the Russians are 

 victorious at first, and enter Varna, but, in October, 

 begin their retreat from before Shumla; general Witt- 

 genstein, the Commander-in-chief of the Russian forces, 

 establishes his head-quarters in Jassy. All Bulgaria, 

 with the exception of Varna, is abandoned by the Rus- 

 sians ; the siege of Silistria raised ; the heavy artillery 

 abandoned. A division of French troops under Maison 

 lands in Morea; Ibrahim Pacha concludes, with admiral 

 Codrington, a convention to evacuate Morea, which lie 

 does in October. Peace between Peru and Bolivia. 

 Bolivar, dictator of Colombia, June 13 : his proclama- 

 tion of September 13. Vice-president Santander and 

 general Padilla conspire against him. His aids-de-camp 

 killed, Santander taken prisoner. Peace between 

 Naples and Tripoli. Executions and imprisonments in 

 Portugal. Expedition against Madeira and Terceira, 

 which declared for the emperor Pedro. The former is 

 taken, August 23. The queen of Portugal, donna 

 Maria da Gloria, arrives iu London, October 6; the 

 king receives her as a queen. In Mexico, general St 

 Anna, governor of Vera Cruz, declares against Gomer 

 Pedraza, the newly elected president, and in favour of 

 Guerrero, the rival candidate. Disturbances in Ire- 

 land, and the Catholic association resumes its sittings, 

 the act against it having expired (O'Connell, ShielsJ. 

 London university opened. Caille returns from Tirn- 

 buctoo. Dnmont d'Urville makes a voyage of dis- 

 covery in the years 1826 to 1829. Dismission of Villele. 



Pope Leo XII. died (Feb. IS), and is succeeded by Pius 

 VIII. General Diebitsch is put at the head of the 

 Russian army in February. A protocol of Great Bri- 

 tain, France, and Russia, arranging the government, 

 boundaries, &c., of Greece. Diebitsch gains an import- 

 ant victory near Shumla over the Turks ; in the middle 

 of July, he passes the Balkan; in August, he takes 

 Adrianople, and a treaty of peace is signed at this place 

 between Russia and Turkey in September. In France, 

 the Martiguac ministry is dismissed, and, August 8, the 

 ultra ministry of prince Polignac formed. Catholics 

 emancipated by the British parliament in April. In 

 December, the suttees (burning of widows) abolished 

 in the East Indies by the British government. The 

 Greeks gain some victories over the Turks, but the in- 

 ternal state of Greece is afflicting. Missolonghi and 

 Anatolico surrender to the Greeks in May, Lepanto in 

 April. The president, Capo d'Istria, opens the Pan- 

 hellenicon in July. Troubles in Portugal under the 

 usurper, don Miguel, who establishes courts against 

 the constitutionalists, the judges of which are to be 

 remunerated by the confiscated property of the latter. 

 An attack upon Terceira fails. Spain acknowledges 

 don Miguel ; deplorable state of Spain. Confusion in 

 South America. Vincente Guerrero chosen president 

 of Mexico. Insurrection in the south of Colombia. In 

 Buenos Ayres, Lavalle's government attacked, and 

 Meza, the chief opponent, executed. At Tarqui, a 

 battle between the Colombians and the Peruvians in 

 February; the latter are defeated. The parties con- 

 clude peace in October. The city of Guatimala capi- 

 tulates, alter a long siege, to the army of San Salvador, 

 under general Morazan. In Lima, a revolution favour- 

 able to Bolivar in June. A battle between the Colom- 

 bian troops under Paez, and those under generals 

 Quiroga and Gustos, in June; the latter are defeated. 

 Peace concluded between l.avalle and Rosas, in the 



