HISTORY 



Argentine republic, in June. Spain sends general 

 Barradus to re-conquer Mexico ; he fails entirely, and 

 i- compelled to surrender, September I.', to general 

 Santa Anna. Slavery abolished in Mexico by a pro- 

 clamation of the president Guerrero, in virtue of the 

 extraordinary power conferred upon him on account 

 of the disturbed .-tate of Mexico. In September, a 

 new and successful revolution break* out in Buenos 

 Ayres, against Lavalle: and in the same month 

 Venezuela, under Paez, declares herself independent of 

 Colombia; in November, Yucatan separates from the 

 Mexican union, and the province of Conception 

 declares itself independent of Chile. In December, 

 Bustamente, vice-president of Mexico, heads a revolu- 

 tion against the president, and is successful. In 

 Chile, a civil war begins, and a bHttle takes place 

 between the generals Luctra and Prieto. Bolivar 

 convokes a constituent congress, to form a ne\v con- 

 stitution. In Manilla, a conspiracy is discovered to 

 declare the island independent. Andrew Jackson, pre- 

 sident of the United States. Treaty between the 

 United States and Brazil. Captain Ross sails from 

 Woolwich, England, in a steamboat, for the discovery 

 of the north-west passage. 



The ultra party in Europe seem, at the beginning of this 

 year, to be fast increasing in power over the liberals. 

 George IV., king of Great Britain, dies ; William IV. 

 succeeds In March, the address of the 221 deputies 

 to Charles X. In France, priests and ultras firmly 

 united. French expedition against Algiers j the city 

 taken, July 5. July 25, the three fatal ordinances are 

 issued, to overthrow the charter. A coup d'etat 

 violently demanded by the ultras. Glorious resistance 

 of the Parisians. Charter amended, and Louis Philip, 

 duke of Orleans, declared king; August 9, he takes 

 the oath. National guards re-established. The Bel- 

 gians rise against the Dutch in August, and after 

 bloody contests declare Belgium independent, October 

 4. Insurrection at Brunswick against the brutal duke, 

 in September; after the diet had called upon him in 

 vain to rule according 1 to law, and Saxon troops had 

 marched to enforce the order of the diet. He is driven 

 away, and his brother takes the government. In Sep- 

 tember, the Saxons force the bigoted king Anthony to 

 declare prince Frederic, son of his brother Maximilian 

 (who renounces his right of succession), co-regent, and 

 to make salutary reforms. (Prince Frederic is a Pro- 

 testant). In November, Wellington's administration 

 overthrown, and earl Grey's formed; Brougham, lord 

 chancellor. England and Ireland in a state of great 

 disturbance. In November, revolution in Warsaw; 

 Constantine flies. In October, disturbances in Swit- 

 zerland, against the aristocratic governments; in 

 November, the Jesuits are expelled from Friburg, and 

 in many cantons the people rise, and demand a more 

 democratic government. The Spanish constitutional- 

 ists, in September, attempt to enter Spain, under 

 Mina, but are defeated ; severe laws against the 

 liberty of the press. In April, the Salic law was 

 abolished ; and in the autumn, an infanta was born to 

 the king. December 15, the trial of the four ministers 

 of Charles X. (Polignac, Peyrounet, Chantelauze and 

 Guornon de Ranville) began. The ministers con- 

 demned to perpetual imprisonment, and Polignac to 

 civil death. In February, prince Leopold of Saxe- 

 Coburg is elected sovereign prince ot Greece; he 

 accepts, but afterwards refuses. In January, Virginia 

 adopts a new constitution. In January, Bolivar lays 

 down his authority as supreme chief. Violent earth- 



quakes in Central America. A revolution, headed by 

 general Urdanctta, at Bogota. Ouatimala ulnio-i 

 destroyed by an earthquake. Mosqueru chosen pre. 

 Mclent of Colombia. A treaty signed between the 

 United States and Turkey, for the navigation of the 

 Black eea. General Flores declares the south part of 

 Colombia independent in May. General Sucre assas- 

 sinated. Civil war at Monte Video ends. A revolu. 

 tion against the government at Bogota; a battle in 

 which the insurgents are victorious. Pope Pius VIII. 

 dies, December 7. Bolivar dies, December 17. 

 Persia convulsed by civil war between the sons of the 

 shah. 



Reform bill introduced by Lord John Russel (March i). 

 Frustrated in committee. Parliament dissolved. Car- 

 ried in the new house of commons f.'-ept. 22). lie- 

 jected by the Peers (Oct. 7). Riots at Bristol. Great 

 meetings of reformers. Leopold accepts the crown of 

 Belgium. Warsaw surrenders to the Russians. 

 Cholera morbus breaks out at Sunderland. 



Reform Bill again frustrated in the house of lords. 

 Ministers resign (May 7). Duke of Wellington at- 

 tempts to form an administration ; fails ; Earl Grey 

 recalled (May is). Reform bill passed. Hereditary 

 peerage abolished in France. Siege of Antwerp. 

 Otho of Bavaria king of Greece. Insurrection in 

 Paris. Don Pedro lands at Oporto (July 9). Civii 

 war for the possession of Portugal. Deaths of Rev. 

 George Crabbe, Champplleon, Goethe, dementi, 

 Ctiviyr, Casimer Perier, Sir James Mackintosh, Jere- 

 my Bi'iitham, young Napoleon and Napoleon's mother, 

 Sir Everard Home, Baron de Zach, Sir Walter Scott, 

 Antonio Soar pa, Sir John Leslie, Dr Spurzheim, and 

 Jean.Baptiste Say ! 



First reformed British parliament. Irish Coercion 

 bill. Mehemet All's victories over the sultan. Bill 

 passed for abolishing slavery in the West Indies. 

 Admiral Napier defeats the naval force of Don Miguel. 

 Lisbon surrenders to Don Pedro. New charter of 

 the bank of England. Opening of the China trade. 

 Irish church reform bill. Donna Maria recognised 

 queen of Portugal by Britain. Great fire at Constan- 

 tinople. Unsuccessful attacks of the Miguelites on 

 Lisbon. Death of Ferdinand VII., king of Spain. 

 Return of Captain Ross from the north seas, after au 

 absence of four years. 



Great earthquake in South America ; the cities of 

 Popayan aud Pasto destroyed. Disturbances at 

 Lyons and Paris. War in Portugal between the 

 Miguelites and Pedroites, the latter generally suc- 

 cessful. Many recruits for the service of Pedro volun- 

 teer from Britain; one vessel from Glasgow, with 

 above 400 men on board, lost oft' the Irish coast. 

 The queen dowager of Spain appointed regent till 

 the young queen Isabella II. attains the age of 

 eighteen. Hostilities commence in Spain between 

 the adherents of Don Carlos and the queen. Earl 

 Grey resigns the premiership (July 10), and is suc- 

 ceeded by Lord Melbourne. Great dinner given to 

 Earl Grey at Edinburgh. The Inquisition abolished 

 in Spain. After being live months in office, Lord Mel- 

 bourne dismissed, and Sir Robert Peel called to the 

 premiership. Dissolution of parliament. 



New election and meeting of parliament. Ministers 

 defeated on the question of a speakership and on other 

 questions. Sir Robert Pael resigns. Lord Melbourne 

 recalled. English municipal reform bill. Embodying 

 of men in Britain for the service of the queen of Spain. 

 Attempted assassination of the king of France. 



HISTRIONES. During a dreadful pestilence in 

 Rome, B. C. 353, after various means had been in- 

 effectually used for appeasing the gods, it was pro- 

 posed to exhibit stage-plays, which, in all antiquity, 

 Jiad a religious and solemn signification. In Rome, 

 they liad not, at that time, become usual ; the only 

 amusements of the warlike Romans having been the 

 games of the circus, races, and other contests. They 

 therefore obtained from the Etruscans (from whom 

 they borrowed many religious rites) dancers, who 

 performed their mimic dances to the sound of the 

 tibia, on stages erected for the purpose. The Roman 

 youth, delighted with this new spectacle, imitated 

 them, and recited, at the same time, ludicrous verses. 

 This new kind of exhibition was cultivated by native 

 Romans, to whom the name histriones was given 

 (from an Etruscan word which signifies a dancer or 

 stage-player). They now recited comic poems (sa- 

 turce, satires), accompanied with action and music. 

 But the declamation was afterwards separated from 

 the action. Livius Andronicus, who composed the 

 first regular comedies from these satires (in the an- 

 cient sense of that word), about 240 B. C., and, as 



was then usual, acted them himself, first introduced 

 the custom of having the recitation performed by 

 another person, while the histrio endeavoured to 

 represent the action. In the dialogue, however, the 

 histrio was obliged to speak also. From this time, 

 histrio became synonymous with pantomime, that is, 

 an artist who merely acts in dumb show; but the 

 mime was often a mere interlude mixed with dancing. 

 This is Livy's account (vii. 2). The actors, properly 

 speaking, that is, those who recited the words, were 

 distinguished from the histriones. Their art became 

 so popular, that the greatest men, particularly the 

 orators, took lessons from them. But in later times, 

 licentiousness increased so much in Rome, in conse- 

 quence of their immoral representations, and so many 

 disturbances and dangerous parties were caused by 

 their public reception, that they were not only, 

 several times under the emperors, forbidden to ap- 

 pear publicly upon the stage, and limited to private 

 representations, but they were even repeatedly ex- 

 pelled (for instance, under Nero) from the city, and 

 were restrained by various laws. 



HITA GINES PEREZ DE. was born in Murcia. He 



