HODITZ HOFFMAN. 



767 



rnology, applied to a juggle or cheat. Doctor Til- 

 lotson derives it from the form of consecrating the 

 sacramental bread in the Roman Catholic church 

 hoc est corpus. Junius derives it from the Welsh 

 hocced 'a cheat) and poke or pocus (a bag), the 

 jugglers using a bag for conveyance. 



HODITZ, ALBERT JOSEPH, count of; known for 

 his rare talent of changing every thing around him 

 into instruments of pleasure. He was born 1706, 

 and married the widow of George William, margrave 

 of Bayreuth. He resided on his estate in Moravia, 

 and converted his peasants into dancers, singers, 

 actors, musicians, &c. There were four thousand 

 fountains in his garden. Every thing about it was 

 converted into an ornament. The village of Ros- 

 wald was often celebrated in song, particularly in an 

 epistle of Frederic II. (7th vol. (Euvres Posthumes). 

 Hoditz died 1778. 



HOEST, JENS KRAGH. See Host. 



HOF (court and farm) a German word, which 

 appears in very many geographical names, as Frauen- 

 hof, Hofheim. 



HOFER, ANDREW, commander of the Tyrolese in 

 the insurrection of 1809, during the war between 

 Austria and France, was born, in 1767, in the inn of 

 St Leonard in Passeyr, called the inn on the Sand, 

 and carried on a trade to Italy in wine and horses. 

 In 1796, when the war approached Tyrol, he led a 

 rifle company from his own country against the 

 French on lake Guarclfi. After the peace of Lune- 

 ville, the militia of Tyrol was organized, on which 

 occasion Hofer displayed great zeal. In 1808, a rup- 

 ture between the cabinets of St Cloud and Vienna 

 appearing unavoidable, in consequence of events in 

 Spain, much agitation took place in Tyrol ; private 

 messengers went to Vienna, among whom was An- 

 drew Hofer, and laid before the archduke John, 

 commander of the army of Austria Proper, the wishes 

 of the mountaineers. By his command, the baron of 

 Hormayr formed the plan for an insurrection, and 

 for the occupation of those mountains, the keys of 

 Italy and Germany. Every thing prospered. Be- 

 tween the llth and 13th of April, 1809, almost the 

 whole country was conquered, and 8000 of the best 

 troops of Bavaria were made prisoners by the pea- 

 sants. April 12, Hofer forced a battalion of Bava- 

 rians in the plain of Stertzing to surrender. His 

 people advanced on the Bavarian artillery with hay 

 carts, and attacked the cavalry with pitchforks, flails, 

 and clubs. They rolled trunks of trees and rocks 

 down upon their enemies, and made cannon of wood 

 with iron hoops. Women and children were seen 

 fighting, or loading the rifles of the men. Northern 

 and Middle Tyrol having been freed from the Bava- 

 rians, Hofer advanced with Hormayr into the South- 

 ern, from which Baraguay d'Hilliers was driven out 

 with great loss. Meanwhile the French, after the 

 victory of Eckmuhl and Ratisbon, had advanced 

 towards Vienna. The Bavarians now invaded Tyrol 

 with great devastation. On the day of the surrender 

 of Vienna, general Chasteler suffered a defeat near 

 Morgel. He retreated to the central position of the 

 Brenner, and fought his way through the enemy, 

 leaving general Buol with a small corps for the 

 defence of Tyrol. Hofer now appeared upon the 

 Brenner, and became the idol of the Tyrolese. Two 

 battles, fought on the 25th and 29th of May, 1809, 

 near the Isel mountain, in sight of the city of lun- 

 spruck, forced the Bavarians again to leave Tyrol. 

 At the beginning of June, Hofer and his band took 

 part in the relief of count Leiningen, who was 

 besieged in Trent. He was upon the point of join- 

 ing the regular troops, who were to take possession 

 of Klagenfurt,and to restore to the closely-blockaded 

 find suffering Tyrol a communication with the 



interior of the imperial states, when the battle of 

 Wagram was succeeded by the armistice of Znaini 

 (July 12), the terms of which required that the A us- 

 trians should abandon Tyrol and the Vorarlberg to 

 the vengeance of the enemy. In consequence of 

 this, the wildest commotions arose among the for- 

 saken people. Some of the most furious wished to 

 retain by force general Buol and Hormayr ; to seize 

 the cannon and ammunition ; to disarm those who 

 would not join them ; and to murder the prisoners. 

 But the greatest part of the mischief was prevented. 

 The troops withdrew, according to the conditions of 

 the truce. Hofer concealed himself in a cave, in the 

 valley of the Passeyr. But the enemy, who had 

 already penetrated the Tyrol, suffered, from the 3d 

 to the 9th of August, 1809, repeated attacks from 

 the armed populace. Then Hofer issued from his re- 

 treat, and appeared as the chief leader of the Tyrolese. 

 The second battle of mount Isel (August 13) com- 

 pelled the marshal duke of Dantzic to evacuate Tyrol. 

 Hofer now carried on the military and civil adminis- 

 tration, under the most singular circumstances, till 

 the peace of Vienna was proclaimed (October 14). 

 Among other things, he coined money with his 

 image. The people, continually deceived by the 

 most contradictory rumours, gave, for a long time, 

 but little credit to the report of the peace. Several 

 corps of the enemy had already entered the Tyrolese 

 mountains. The people were prepared for desperate 

 resistance, when Hofer (1st, 5th, and 8th of Novem- 

 ber) declared his submission to the viceroy Eugene, 

 and to the commander-in- chief of the Bavarians. 



In the middle of November, misled by the false 

 reports of some of the insurgents, he commenced 

 hostilities anew, and thus forfeited the protection of 

 the amnesty. He then remained concealed in an 

 Alpine hut, in Passeyr, amidst snow and ice. For a 

 long time, neither the golden promises, nor the 

 threats of the French general could induce any one 

 in these mountains to betray his place of conceal- 

 ment. At last a priest, named Donay, formerly a 

 confidant of Hofer, and who had been despatched by 

 him with his submission to the viceroy at Villach, 

 but had afterwards been offended by him, communi- 

 cated to general Baraguay d'Hilliers the name of the 

 man who carried food to Hoffer and his family. This 

 man was prevailed on, partly by promises, partly by 

 menaces of death, to serve as a guide to the troops. 

 They discovered Hofer, Jan. 20, 1810, and carried 

 him to Mantua, where a court-martial was held. 

 Hofer was shot, February 20, at Mantua. He met 

 his death with firmness. The family of Hofer was 

 indemnified for the loss of their property by the em- 

 peror of Austria, in 1819, and his son ennobled. 

 See the History of Andreas Hofer, (Leipsic, 1817.) 

 A life of Hofer, which was published at Innspruck, 

 was prohibited by Austria in 1814. His body, how- 

 ever, is now buried at Innspruck, in the splendid 

 cathedral of the place, in consequence of the general 

 wish of the people. 



HOFFMAN, CHRISTOPHER LEWIS, a German 

 physician and medical writer of the last century, 

 was born at Rheda, in Westphalia, in 1721 ; and 

 after having been physician to the bishop of Mini- 

 ster, and the elector of Cologne, he, in 1787, ac 

 cepted the same situation with the elector of Mayence. 

 That prince gave him the direction of the college of 

 medicine in that city. On the suppression of the 

 electorate, he removed to the small town of Eltviel, 

 on the Rhine, where he died, in 1807. He distin- 

 guished himself as a professional writer, by forming 

 a new system of medicine, combining the nervous 

 and humoral pathology. He admitted the sensi- 

 bility and irritability of the solids as the basis of his 

 system, and the corruption of the humours as a 



