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HOFFMANN HOG. 



1 rinoiple of irritation. His ideas are developed in 

 tlie following works : On the Sensibility and Irrita- 

 bility of Diseased Parts ; On the Scurvy and Syphi- 

 lis ; On the Medicinal Virtues of Mercury ; a Trea- 

 tise on the Small-Pox (2 vols. 8vo) ; the Magnetist 

 (Frankfort, 1787, 4to). He also published a number 

 of Latin dissertations, in the Memoirs of the College 

 of Medicine at Munster. 



HOFFMANN, FREDERIC, the most celebrated 

 individual of a name and family distinguished in the 

 annals of medicine, was born 1660, at Halle, in 

 Saxony, where his lather was an eminent physician. 

 He studied medicine at Jena, under professor Wede- 

 ]ius. In 1680, he attended the chemical lectures 

 of Caspar Cramer, at Erfurt, and, returning to Jena, 

 took the degree of M.D. in 1681. He then gave 

 lectures at Jena, and afterwards practised as phy- 

 sician at Minden. He removed to Halberstadt in 

 1688, to settle there as public physician ; at which 

 period he published a treatise, De Insujflcientia Acidi 

 et P'tscidi. On the establishment of the university 

 of Halle, Hoffmann, iii 1693, was appointed primary 

 professor of medicine and natural philosophy. He 

 improved the spirit of medical education, promoting 

 among the students of the university a disposition 

 for inquiry highly favourable to the progress of know- 

 ledge. In 1718, he commenced the publication of a 

 work entitled Systema Medicina rationales, which 

 was received with great approbation by the Faculty 

 in different parts of Europe. In this system of medi- 

 cine, he exhibits his peculiar theoretical opinions, 

 the chief feature of which is the doctrine of atony and 

 spasm, afterwards made the foundation of a medical 

 hypothesis by Doctor John Brown. Much of the 

 humoral pathology was retained by Hoffmann, 

 whose speculations are chiefly important as having 

 given an impulse to future inquiries. He made a 

 useful collection of the most important cases which 

 occurred to him in his practice as a physician, and 

 published them under the title of Medieina Consulta- 

 toria. After a long life devoted to the cultivation of 

 medicine, he died at Halle, in 1743. His works 

 were collected after his death, at Geneva, 1748 

 1754, in nine volumes, folio. 



HOFFMANN, ERNEST THEODORE AMADEUS, or, 

 properly, ERNEST THEODORE WILLIAM, an original 

 novelist, was born at Konigsberg, in East Prussia, 

 Jan. 24, 1776, where he studied law. He afterwards 

 held a judicial appointment at Berlin. He was ap- 

 pointed, in 1800, assessor in the government of 

 Posen; in 1802, counsellor in the government of 

 Plozk ; and, in 1803, proceeded in the same official 

 character to Warsaw. The invasion of the French, 

 in 1806, finished his career in that city. Without 

 prospects in his native country, and without property, 

 he employed his musical knowledge as a means of 

 support for several years. In 1816, he was rein- 

 stated as counsellor in the court of judicature of 

 Berlin, where he died, July 24, 1822. From his 

 youth, he devoted all his leisure hours to the study of 

 music. Among his works are the Phantasiestiicken 

 in Callofs Manier (Bamberg, 1814, 4 vols. ; 3d edi- 

 tion, Leipsic, 1825, in 2 vols.) ; Die Elixire des 

 Teufels (Berlin, 1816); the Nachtstuke (2 vols. 

 1817); the Serapionsbriider (23 tales, in 4 vols., 

 Berlin, 1819, et seq.) ; and many others. Hoffmann 

 was an irregular and unhappy man. He possessed 

 much imagination and talent, but little soundness of 

 mind ; and his habits were intemperate. His judi- 

 cial duties, however, were faithfully performed. 

 The whole world appeared to him in the aspect of a 

 caricature. He was able to unite the most opposite 

 ideas. Notwithstanding his epicurism, there was 

 something stoical in his character. Not long before 

 Us death, he asked his friend Hitzig, Don't you 



still perceive the smell of roast meat ?" (referring to 

 his back having been burned by a red-hot iron in 

 order to excite the vital powers, his disease beiiii? in 

 the spinal marrow.) His life, by Hitzig, is very 

 interesting. Hoffmann's works have lately been 

 translated into French. 



HOFWYL. See Fellenberg. 



HOG (sus). In grossness of manners, the hog 

 tribe stand unrivalled among quadrupeds ; and their 

 general appearance corresponds, in a great measure, 

 with their habits. The generic characters are, four 

 or six incisors in the upper jaw, converging ; six ii 

 the lower jaw, projecting ; two canines in the upp 

 and two in the lower jaw, very long; fourte 

 molars in each jaw ; the snout prominent, truncat 

 and containing a peculiar bone ; feet, cloven. Th 

 is, however, said to be a remarkable variety aboii 

 Upsal, which has entire hoofs. It also exists in 

 Illyria and Sardinia ; and Mascal says it formerly 

 was to be seen in Berkshire, England. The wild 

 boar and the common hog are identical, the differ- 

 ences between them arising from the long domestica- 

 tion of the latter ; though it is probable (as is ob- 

 served by Desmarest) that some of the varieties may 

 be derived from races unknown to us ; among these 

 are the Chinese, Guinea, and Turkish. 



The common hog (S. sfrofa), in a tame state, is 

 almost universal, except in very high latitudes. In 

 the forests of South America, it is found in vast 

 droves, derived from the European varieties again 

 relapsed into a state of nature. The common 

 hog appears to enjoy none of the senses in perfection 

 except that of smell ; this, however, is acute, and 

 the hog is used, in some parts of Italy, in hunting for 

 truffles, which grow some distance under the surface; 

 and it is stated that a gamekeeper in England 

 actually broke in a sow to find game, and to back 

 and stand like a pointer. When she came on the 

 cold scent of game, she slackened her trot, gradually 

 dropped her ears and tail till she was near, and then 

 fell on her knees. So stanch was she, that she fre- 

 quently remained upwards of five minutes on her 

 point. As soon as the game rose, she always return- 

 ed to the keeper, grunting for a reward, which 

 consisted of a sort of pudding made of barley meal, 

 tt can hear distant sounds ; but its sense of hearing 

 is by no means acute. In their taste, hogs discover 

 a strange degree of caprice ; for whilst they are 

 singularly delicate in their choice of herbs, they will 

 devour with voracity the most nauseous and putrid 

 carrion. At times they even satisfy their insatiable 

 appetite with their own young ; and they have been 

 known to attack and mangle children. The eyes of 

 ;he hog are remarkably small and sunken. His form 

 is inelegant, and his motions uncouth and unwieldy. 

 His appearance is always slothful and stupid, and, if 

 undisturbed, he would sleep most of the time that 

 was not devoted to the satisfying the calls of appetite. 

 Thus his whole life is a succession of torpor and 

 gluttony; and, if supplied with sufficient food, he 

 often becomes so fat as to be incapable of motion. 

 The hog seems to be affected by the approach of 

 stormy weather in a very extraordinary manner. On 

 such occasions, he runs about in a restless and per- 

 ;urbed state, uttering loud cries. The sow brings forth 

 in the beginning of the fifth month after conception, 

 and has usually two litters in a year. Her offspring 

 are very numerous, a litter consisting of from ten to 

 even twenty ; but she can bring up no more than she 

 las teats, which are twelve in number. The natural 

 term of the life of these animals is from fifteen to 

 thirty years, and they continue to increase in size and 

 strength until they are from four to five years of age. 

 As might be supposed from their habits, they are 

 much infested by vermin of different kinds,and are also 



