774 



HOLINSHED HOLLAND. 



water loses its wintry coldness. As the temperature 

 Increases, these fish change their ground, and migrate 

 to the banks of Newfoundland. The bait used in 

 taking them is small herring. 



HOI.1NSI1K1), or HOLINGSHED, RAPHAEL; 

 an English chronicler, of the age of queen Elizabeth. 

 He has been represented as a clergyman, and bishop 

 Tanner farther states that he was educated at Cam- 

 bridge, and took the degree of M. A. there in 1544. 

 But doctor Farmer, in his Essay on the Learning of 

 Shakspeare, has corrected this mistake, having 

 ascertained that the graduate was one Ottewali 

 Holingshed, who was subsequently nominated by the 

 founder one of the first fellows of Trinity college. 

 From Uie will of the historian, preserved by Hearne, 

 it appears that at the close of his life he was a 

 steward or servant to Thomas Burdet, esquire, of 

 Bromcote, in Warwickshire. His death took place 

 about 1582. The Chronicles of Holinshed were first 

 published in two vols., folio (1577); and a second 

 edition, hi three vols., in 1587. Several individuals 

 were concerned in the compilation of this work. 

 In 1807, a new edition of it appeared, in six vols., 

 4to, in which the omissions, chiefly from the preced- 

 ing impression of the third volume, were restored. 

 They principally relate to the history of lord Cobham 

 and the earl of Leicester, during the reign of Eliza- 

 beth, to whom the passages in question appeared 

 offensive. Prefixed to the Chronicles is one of the 

 most curious and interesting memorials existing of 

 the manners and domestic history of the English in 

 the sixteenth century. 



HOLCAR; a Mahratta chief, distinguished in the 

 wars of the British in India. See Mahrattas. 



HOLLAND, (originally Hollow Land ) a, kingdom 

 of Europe, formed partly of islands, but principally 

 of that portion of the Continent where the Rhine by 

 several mouths enters the German ocean. It was 

 the principal of the seven provinces of the Nether- 

 lands, which revolted against Philip II. of Spain, and, 

 after a long struggle, formed an independent federal 

 republic under a stadtholder. Hence the name of 

 this province was extended to the whole state. 

 Holland proper consists of a peninsula washed by 

 the German ocean on the N. and W., and by the 

 Zuyder-Zee on the E., while on the S. E. it is bounded 

 by Utrecht, and S. by Brabant and the Meuse. 

 The following are the chief towns : Amsterdam, 

 Rotterdam, Hague, Leyden, Haarlem, Dort, Delft, 

 Gouda, Alkmaar, Hoorn. The national religion is 

 Calvinism ; but there is a Lutheran congregation in 

 every town of consequence; and among the lower 

 classes the Catholics are numerous. The whole 

 kingdom of Holland is a continued flat, and lies so 

 low as to be under the level of the sea at high water; 

 the tide is prevented from flowing in by means of 

 dikes and natural sand-banks. The numerous canals 

 and ditches which traverse it in all directions, are 

 likewise provided with dikes, and serve not only to 

 promote internal communication, but to drain the 

 country of superfluous water. In addition to the two 

 great rivers which water this province in common 

 with the rest of the Netherlands, viz., the Rhine and 

 the Maese, Holland has several smaller rivers, the 

 Amstel, the Schie, the Rotte; but they have so little 

 current as to be more properly canals, or water- 

 courses. The principal lake is that of Haarlem. 

 The soil is in general rich, consisting of a deep, fat 

 loam. From the humidity of both soil and climate, 

 there is little of the province under tillage, and that 

 little is in South Holland. The crops principally 



ultivated are wheat, madder, tobacco, hemp, and 



flax. The agricultural wealth of the province at 



ge, consists in its pastures, which are almost un- 



malled in the abundance and luxuriance of the grass 



which they produce. The manufactures of Holland, 

 though no longer extensive, embrace a variety of 

 articles, viz., linen, woollen, and leather; also paper, 

 wax, refiied sugar, starch, and, in certain districts, 

 pottery, and tiles. Large quantities of gin are like- 

 wise made, particularly at Schiedam, near the Maese. 

 Population of Holland in 1 832 (according to the Al- 

 manac de Gotha) 2,444,550. Standing army 60,000; 

 navy, sixteen men of war and twenty frigates. 



Under the article Belgium, a full account is given 

 of the revolution of 1830, by which a separation was 

 effected between that kingdom and Holland. The 

 history, statistics, &c., of Holland are so interwoven 

 with that of the Netherlands generally, that, for the 

 sake of obtaining a comprehensive and satisfactory 

 view of the subject, we defer entering upon it until we 

 reach that article. See Netherlands. 



HOLLAND, NEW ; an island in the south Paci- 

 fic ocean, the largest in the world, and long sup- 

 posed to form a part of a great southern conti 

 nent. It stretches from east to west nearly 2000 

 miles, and it is 1700 miles in breadth. It lies 

 between 9" and 38 of south latitude, and 112 

 and 153 east longitude. The country was first dis- 

 covered by the Dutch, in 1605, and was visited, in 

 1616, by Dirk Hartag, who commemorated his 

 visit in a -plate of tin left by him, which was found 

 by some British navigators, in 1801. It was occa- 

 sionally visited by the Dutch navigators till the end 

 of the century. It was visited by captain Cook, in 

 1770, and was determined by him to be an island. 

 It was afterwards visited by captain Furneaux, in 

 1773 ; by Vancouver, in 1791 ; by the French navi- 



fator Bruny d'Entrecasteaux , and, in 1795 1799, 

 y Bas and Flinders. In 1801, captain Flinders 

 surveyed its coasts ; and, in 1818 and 1824, captain 

 King completed what had been left undone by his 

 predecessors. Very little is known of the interior of 

 this vast country. The principal animal and veget- 

 able productions have been described under the head 

 of Australia. On the north coast lies the gulf of 

 Carpentaria, 400 miles deep and 300 broad. From 

 cape Wessel, the north-west head of the gulf, to cape 

 Van Diemen, the country is called ArnheMs Land. 

 The coast here is low, containing many fine ports 

 and harbours. Liverpool river empties into the sea 

 on this coast. What on the old maps is called Van 

 Diemen's bay, was found by captain King to be a 

 strait, seventy miles long, and forty broad, separat- 

 ing two large islands from the main land, called 

 Melville and Bathurst islands ; the former is 200 

 miles, the latter 150 miles, in circumference. 

 The northern coast, with these islands, is now 

 included in the British territory (formal possession 

 of the country between 129 and 136 E. longitude 

 having been taken in 1834). A colony was founded 

 at Port Cockburn, on Melville island, at the mouth 

 of Apsley strait, which separates the two islands. 

 To the west of this point, the coast trends to the 

 south, and is low and sterile as far as Cambridge 

 gulf, in 128 E. longitude ; westward from the gulf, 

 the coast is intersected by numerous bays, ports, and 

 some rivers, one of which, Prince Regent's river, is 

 of considerable size. The remainder of the north- 

 west coast, as far as North-west cape, an extent of 

 1000 miles, called in the maps, De Witt's Land, is 

 low, sandy, and dangerous of approach. Endracht's, 

 Edel's, and Leeuwin's Land, are the names of suc- 

 cessive portions of the coast from North-west cape to 

 cape Leeuwin, a distance of 800 miles. The only 

 openings of any importance here, are Sharks' bay 

 and Swan river (q. v.); the latter has been selected 

 by the British government, as the site of a western 

 Australian colony; and an expedition to form the 

 settlement was sent in 1829. The south coast, 



