790 



HOOKER HOP. 



ment of deputy-professor of II fl>rr\\; and, in 1581, 

 he took holy orders, and was shortly after made 

 preactier at St Paul's cross, in London. In 1584, he 

 was presented to the rectory of Drayton Beauchamp, 

 in Buckinghamshire. The first four books of his 

 t-flt'brated treatise Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical 

 Polity were printed in 1594. The ensuing year he 

 was presented, by queen Elizabeth, to the living of 

 Bishop's Bourne, in Kent, where he passed the 

 remainder of his life. The fifth book of his great 

 work appeared in 1597 ; the last tliree were not 

 published till after his death, in 1GOO. The Ecclesi- 

 astical Polity, written in defence of the church of 

 England, against the attacks of the Puritans, is no 

 less remarkable for learning and extent of research, 

 than for the richness and purity of its style, which 

 entitles its author to be regarded as one of the 

 classics of the Elizabethan age. The most convenient 

 edition is that of Oxford (3 vols., 8vo.). Hooker 

 was also the author of some tracts and sermons. 



HOOKER, THOMAS, an eminent divine, was born 

 at Marfield, Leicestershire, in 1586. He became a 

 fellow of Emanue) college, Cambridge, and a lecturer 

 in Chehnsford, Essex, but was obliged to give up his 

 ministry in consequence of his refusal to conform to 

 all the rites of the established church. He then 

 kept a school ; but, being still persecuted by the 

 spiritual court, he went over, in 1630, to Holland, 

 and, in 1633, embarked for Boston, in America, 

 where he arrived September 4th of that year. The 

 following October, he was ordained pastor of the 

 church in Newtown ; but, in June, 1636, he removed 

 with his whole congregation to the banks of the 

 Connecticut river, and may be termed the founder 

 of the colony of that name, and especially of the 

 town of Hartford. Whenever he visited Boston, 

 which he did frequently, he attracted great crowds 

 by the force of his preaching. He died July 7, 1647. 

 He published many volumes of sermons, and various 

 polemical works. His principal production is the 

 Survey of Church Discipline a work of great merit 

 and research. Mr Hooker was particularly noted 

 for his power in argument. 



HOOLE, JOHN, born in London, in 1727, was the 

 son of a watchmaker. At the age of seventeen, he 

 became a clerk of the East India house. In 1758, 

 he began to translate the Jerusalem Delivered, and 

 published the translation in 1763. In 1767, he pub- 

 lished a translation of six dramas of Metastasio, in 2 

 vols.; and the next year brought out his own tragedy 

 of Cyrus, which did not succeed. Timanthes, in 

 1770, and Cleone, in 1775, were equally unsuccess- 

 ful, being the whole of his dramatic efforts. In 1773, 

 he published the first volume of his Orlando Furioso, 

 and concluded it in 1783, when it appeared com- 

 plete in 5 vols., 8vo. He afterwards connected the 

 narrative of the Orlando in twenty-four books, and 

 disposed the stories in a regular series, which altera- 

 tion by no means superseded his former edition. In 

 1792, he translated Tasso's Rinaldo, and ended his 

 literary labours with a more complete collection of 

 dramas from Metastasio. Mr Hoole is smooth, but 

 prosaic and monotonous in his versification, and his 

 translations are now nearly superseded. He died in 

 1803. 



HOOP ASH. See Hackberry. 



HOOPER, WILLIAM, a signer of the American 

 declaration of independence, was born in Boston, 

 June 17, 1742, and was the son of a clergyman who 

 had emigrated to that city from Scotland. After 

 graduating, in 1760, at Harvard college, he com- 

 menced the study of the law, and, on being admitted 

 to the bar, removed to North Carolina, where he 

 soon acquired an extensive practice. In 1773, he 

 was chosen a representative in the provincial legisla- 



ture, from the town of Wilmington, in which he had 

 fixed his residence, and signalized himself by his 

 opposition to an arbitrary measure of the govern- 

 ment. He also wrote several essays, under the 

 signature of Hampden, against the same measure. 

 In 1774, he was named a delegate to the general 

 congress about to meet at Philadelphia. In that body 

 lie fully maintained his previous reputation. He was 

 the chairman of the committee appointed to report an 

 address to the inhabitants of Jamaica, the draught of 

 which was his work. Shortly after signing the de- 

 claration of independence, Mr Hooper was obliged 

 to resign his seat, in consequence of the embarrassed 

 state into which his private affairs had fallen whilst 

 he was occupied with his public duties. / He died in 

 October, 1 790, at the age of forty-eight years. 



HOOPING-COUGH; a disease known by a con- 

 vulsive, strangulating cough, with hooping, returning 

 by fits, that are usually terminated by a vomiting. 

 It is contagious. Children are most commonly the 

 subjects of this disease, and it seems to depend on a 

 specific contagion, which affects them but once in 

 their life. The disease being once produced, the fits 

 of coughing are often repeated without any evident 

 cause; but, in many cases, the contagion may be 

 considered as only giving the predisposition, and the 

 frequency of the fits may depend upon various excit- 

 ing causes, such as violent exercise, a full meal, the 

 having taken food of difficult digestion, and irrita- 

 tion of the lungs by dust, smoke, or disagreeable 

 odours. Emotions of the mind may likewise prove 

 an exciting cause. Its proximate or immediate cause 

 seems to be a viscid matter or phlegm lodged about 

 the bronchia, trachea, and fauces, which sticks so 

 close as to be expectorated with the greatest diffi- 

 culty. The hooping-cough usually comes on with a 

 difficulty of breathing, some degree of thirst, a quick 

 pulse, and other slight febrile symptoms, which are 

 succeeded by a hoarseness, cough, and difficulty of 

 expectoration. These symptoms continue, perhaps, 

 for a fortnight or more, at the end of which time the 

 disease puts on its peculiar and characteristic form, and 

 is now evident, as the cough becomes convulsive, and 

 is attended with a sound, which has been called a hoop. 

 The coughing continues till either a quantity of 

 mucus is thrown up from the lungs, or the contents 

 of the stomach are evacuated by vomiting. On the 

 first coming on of the disease, there is little or no 

 expectoration ; or if any, it consists only of thin 

 mucus; and, as long as this is the case, the fits of 

 coughing are frequent, and of considerable duration ; 

 but, on the expectoration becoming free and copi- 

 ous, the fits of coughing are less frequent, as well as 

 of shorter duration. The disease having arrived at 

 its height, usually continues for some weeks longer, 

 and at length goes off gradually. In some cases, 

 it is, however, protracted for several months, or 

 even a year. It is seldom fatal, except to very 

 young children, who are always likely to suffer 

 more from it than those of a more advanced age. 

 The danger seems, indeed, always to be in propor- 

 tion to the youth of the person, and the degree of 

 fever and difficulty of breathing which accompanies 

 the disease, as likewise the state of debility which 

 prevails. 



HOP (humulus lupulus). This well-known and 

 useful plant is a native of Europe, Siberia, and^ 

 according to Mr Nuttall, of North America also, 

 being found on the upper parts of the Missouri. In 

 many of the settled parts of the United States, it 

 occurs apparently wild, but may have escaped from 

 a state of cultivation. It belongs to the same family 

 with the hemp and nettle. The root is perennial, 

 giving out several herbaceous, rough, twining stems, 

 which bear opposite three to five-lobed leaves ; the 



