810 



HOTTINGER -HOUND. 



A krot or karos (sheep-skin) serves the Hottentot 

 as a dress by day, a bed by night, and a winding- 

 sheet in the grave. A thick plaster of dirt and 

 grease covers his head and body; a blunt javelin 

 (assagai/) and a dart were formerly his only weapons. 

 The Hottentots eat animal food voraciously, but are 

 often reduced to great abstinence. Milk and water 

 are their common beverage, and they smoke hemp 

 when they cannot get tobacco. Their villages, 

 called kraals, are a circular cluster of beehive-shaped 

 huts, which are covered with mats woven by the 

 women; an opening in front serves as a window, a 

 door, and chimney. The Bushmen (q. v.), or wild 

 Hottentots, resemble the Hottentots, strictly so called, 

 in their features and language. The Koranas lead an 

 indolent, wandering life, on the Orange river and its 

 vicinity. The Namaquas are a Hottentot tribe, in- 

 habiting the country on each side of the Orange 

 river, in the lower part of its course. See Pringle's 

 Interesting Sketches of Sout/iern Africa. 



HOTTINGER; a Swiss family, which has pro- 

 duced several distinguished scholars, particularly 

 theologians. 



1. JOHN HENRY the elder, born at Zurich in 1620, 

 made such progress in the ancient languages at 

 school, that he was sent to foreign universities at the 

 public expense. In 1638, he set out for Geneva, 

 and went thence to France and Holland. He here 

 studied the Oriental languages in Groningen. In 

 1641, he returned, through England, back to his 

 native country, enriched with large stores of know- 

 ledge. In 1642, he was appointed professor of 

 ecclesiastical history in his native city, and, in 1643, 

 professor of catechetics and the Oriental languages, 

 and contributed much to promote the study of Orien- 

 tal literature. His reputation was widely spread by 

 his numerous writings upon this subject. He ex- 

 plored the relations of the Eastern languages with 

 uncommon assiduity, and showed what advantages 

 might be thence derived for the interpretation of 

 the Scriptures, in his Grammatica quatuor Lingua- 

 rum, Hebr., Chald., Syr. et Arab. Harmonica (Zurich, 

 1649, 4to); in his Etymologicum Orientate (Frank- 

 fort, 1661); Thesaurus Phil.seu Clavis Scripturce 

 (Zurich, 3 edit., 1696, 4to), by which book he con- 

 tributed greatly to the revival of the study of Oriental 

 literature; and in many other works. In close con- 

 nexion with this study, he also pursued that of 

 Eastern history and archaeology, and shed much light 

 on the history of the Jews and Mohammedans, as 

 generally on the religions and religious sects of the 

 East, in his Historia Orientalis (Zurich, 1651 and 

 1660, 4to); Promtuarium seu Bibliotheca Oriental. 

 (Heidelberg, 1658, 4to), and other works, as likewise 

 in his very valuable Historia Ecclesiastica N. T. 

 (Zurich, 1651 67, 9 volumes), extending to the 

 reformation, which, although derived from authentic 

 sources, is not free from prejudices, and is somewhat 

 irregular in its arrangement and unpolished in its 

 style. He endeavoured, especially, to obtain accu- 

 rate information concerning the state of the Eastern 

 churches ; and the results of these inquiries are 

 scattered through his writings. His reputation in 

 the literary world was so great, that the elector 

 palatine, by a letter written with his own hand, ob- 

 tained permission from the council at Zurich for him 

 to spend a few years at Heidelberg, to revive the 

 university there, which he did from 1653 to 1661, with 

 the happiest results. But his endeavours to unite 

 the Protestant sects, which the elector favoured, en- 

 countered the usual obstacles. In 1658, he accom- 

 panied the elector to the diet at Frankfort, where he 

 became acquainted with the first men of Germany, 

 :iiul intimate with the great Orientalist Ludolph. 

 '1 !iey formed a plan of sending young men, skilled in 



Eastern literature, at the prince's expense, to make 

 inquiries into the state of the African and particularly 

 the Ethiopian churches. After his return to Heidel- 

 berg, the elector prevailed on the council at Zurich 

 to prolong his leave of absence. He finally returned, 

 in 1661, to Zurich, loaded with honours. Here he 

 was appointed perpetual rector of the university, 

 and received many other honourable offices. He was 

 even sent ambassador to Holland. In 1667, he was 

 on the point of complying with a repeated invitation 

 to visit the university at Leyden; but death prevented 

 him ; he was drowned in the Limmat, with three of 

 his children. 



2. His son JOHN JAMES, born at Zurich, 1652, 

 began his studies under his father's superintendence, 

 and afterwards held many clerical offices; was, in 

 1678, professor of theology at Zurich, and died in 

 1793. J. J. Lavater has written his life. The most 

 valuable of his works is his Ecclesiastical History of 

 Switzerland (Helvetische Kirchengeschichte),in which 

 he endeavoured to prove the excellence of his 

 church. 



This latter is not to be confounded with JOHN 

 JAMES HOTTINGER, who was born 1750, was professor 

 at Zurich, and died Feb. 4, 1819, known by liis 

 editions of the classics, as Sallust and the work of 

 Cicero De Divinatione, his translation of this work 

 and of the Offices, the characters of Theophrastus, 

 and many others. This acute and elegant scholar 

 acquired a high reputation, not merely as a philolo- 

 gian, but also for his works of general criticism, and 

 his other literary productions. His Essay towards a 

 Comparison of the German with the Greek and Ro- 

 man Poets, is among the most excellent works of the 

 kind. 



HOUND (canis sagax, L.). The hound forms 

 one of the varieties of spaniels, and is distinguished 

 by Us long, smooth, and pendulous ears. The blood- 

 hound (q. v.) has already been described, and appears 

 to have been the origin of the other sub-varieties, 

 the principal of which are the foxhound, harrier, and 

 beagle. England, perhaps, excels all other countries 

 in her breed of hounds, not only from the climate 

 being congenial to them, but also from the great 

 attention paid to their breeding and management. 

 The points of a good hound are thus kid down : 

 His legs should be perfectly straight, his feet round 

 and not too large, his shoulders back, his breast 

 rather wide than narrow, his chest deep, his back 

 broad, his head small, his neck thin, his tail thick 

 and bushy. As to the size, most sportsmen have 

 their prejudices, some preferring them small, and 

 others large; for general service, however, it appears 

 that a medium is the best; this is the sentiment of 

 Somerville : 



"For hounds of middle size, active and strong, 



Will better answer all thy various ends, 



And crown thy pleasing labours with success." 



It is very essential that all the hounds in a pack 

 should run well together; to attain which theji 

 should be of the same sort and size. The manage- < 

 ment of hounds may be considered as a regular 

 system of education, from the time they are taken 

 into the kennel. The feeding of a kennel of fox- 

 hounds is one of the most striking illustrations of the 

 power of training to produce complete obedience. 

 The feeder stations himself at the door, and calls 

 each dog individually; the animal instantly advances; 

 the rest, however impatient they may, remaining quiet 

 till their turn arrives. In these kennels, a barbarous 

 custom of these dogs towards each other has some- 

 times been observed. If a hound gets down of hi- 8 own 

 accord from a bench on which he has been lying, no 

 notice is taken of it by the others ; but if he should 



