HUMORAL HUNGARY. 



825 



three inches and a half in length, and four and a 

 quarter in extent. The whole back, upper part of 

 the neck, sides under the wings, tail coverts, and two 

 middle feathers of the tail, are of a rich golden 

 green; the tail is forked, and, as well as the wings, of 

 a deep brownish purple ; the bill and eyes black ; but 

 what constitutes their chief ornament, is the splendour 

 of the feathers of the throat, which, when viewed in 

 a proper light, rival the ruby in brilliancy. These 

 feathers are of singular strength and texture, lying 

 close together, like scales, and varying, when moved 

 before the eye, from a deep black to a fiery crimson 

 and burning orange. The female is destitute of 

 them. The young males begin to acquire them in 

 September. (For fuller information, we must refer 

 to Wilson's American Ornithology and the Naturalist's 

 Library, by Sir William Jardine, vols. I. and 2., 

 Edin. 1833, I2mo.) That magnificent work, Les 

 Oiseaux, vividly represents most of the known 

 species. 



HUMORAL, in medicine ; what has relation to 

 the humours or fluids of the system. The humoral 

 pathology is a medical theory which long prevailed, 

 and attributed all diseases to irregular changes in the 

 fluid parts of the body, without assigning any influence 

 to the state of the solids. The opposite theory is 

 that which refers every thing to the nervous energy 

 resident in the solids, and considers diseases as aris- 

 ing from irregularities in their functions. The hu- 

 moral pathology is exposed, in many ways, to the 

 objection, that it rests on hypotheses, and is very 

 partial in its views. The views of the adherents of 

 this theory have differed continually, with the pro- 

 gress of knowledge, from the days of Hippocrates 

 and Galen, its great supporters, down to very 

 late times. The nervous pathology is also liable to 

 the objection of being of a partial and hypothetical 

 character. Of late, the two systems have been 

 blended, and both fluids and solids allowed a share 

 in the changes of the body. 



HUNDRED, in England ; a division of a shire or 

 county. It was so called, according to some writers, 

 because each hundred found \QQfidajussors, or sure- 

 ties of the king's peace, or 100 able-bodied men of 

 war. Others think it to have been so called because 

 originally composed of 100 families. Hundreds were 

 first introduced into England by Alfred. They seem 

 to have previously existed in Denmark; and in 

 France, a regulation of this sort was made, above 

 200 years before, by Clothaire and Childebert, with 

 a view of obliging each district to answer for the rob- 

 beries committed in it. Something like this institu- 

 tion may be traced back to the ancient Germans, 

 from whom were derived the Franks, who became 

 masters of Gaul, and the Saxons, who settled in Eng- 

 land ; for both the thing and the name, as a territorial 

 assemblage of persons, were well known to that 

 warlike people. By various statutes, hundreds are 

 liable to actions for injuries sustained by riots, rob- 

 beries, malicious mischiefs, &c. 



HUNDRED COURT. See Courts. 



HUNDSBRUCK (meaning dog's buck); a con- 

 tinuation of the Vosges, of moderate height, in the 

 Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, extending 

 from east to west between the rivers Nahe, Rhine, 

 and Moselle. The range is calcarious, and covered 

 with wood. The highest elevation is 1600 German 

 feet. Flax thrives well. Some write the name 

 Hunsrilck, and derive it from a colony of Huns 

 planted here by the emperor Gratian, or from a 

 remnant of Attila's followers, who took refuge here 

 after his defeat at Chalons. 



HUNGARY; the country of the Magyars, or 

 Hungarians, as they were first called by their Scla- 

 fonic neighbours in Russia. In their own language 



they are called Magyars, and their origin is by no 

 means precisely ascertained. The older writers 

 represent them as derived from the Huus of Attila. 

 A supposed resemblance of their language to that of 

 the Finns gave rise, to the opinion Uiat they were of 

 Finnish origin. Fejer, keeper of the university 

 library at Pesth, derives them from the Parthians. 

 (Scientific Magazine, in Hungarian, 1825), and 

 Reinegg and Pallas found Magyar tribes on the east 

 side of the Caspian. They appear to have emi- 

 grated from Asia into Europe towards the end of 

 the seventh century, and, after occupying the country 

 between the Don and the Dnieper for two hundred 

 years, they were pressed forward by the Petchenegues, 

 and, 894, they entered Hungary, under their prince 

 Almus. In 900, under Arpad, son of Almus, they 

 completed its reduction, after having conquered the 

 Bulgarians, Sclavonians, Walachians, Moravians, 

 Germans, Italians, Croatians, Szeklers, and Dalma- 

 tians, who then occupied the country. The con- 

 quered territory was at first distributed only amongst 

 the chiefs of the tribes ; but the duke soon acquired 

 the right of rewarding the courage of the soldiers by 

 the investiture of lands without regard to their rank. 

 The Magyars next made predatory incursions into 

 the neighbouring countries, to which they were 

 chiefly invited by foreign princes, and advanced 

 to the north as far as Hamburg and Bremen, to the 

 west into Provence, on the south to Otranto, and 

 eastward as far as Constantinople. These formida- 

 ble enemies, whose active cavalry it was almost vain 

 to attack, were first defeated by Henry I., the Ger- 

 man emperor, at Merseburg, in 933; they then 

 invaded Franconia in 937, and Saxony in 938, were 

 defeated at Stederburg, and in the Drommling on 

 the Ohra. Their last incursion into Bavaria, 954 

 and 955, terminated with their complete overthrow 

 on the Lech, where Otho I., king of the Germans, 

 conquered them. They gradually learnt, from the 

 Sclavonians and Germans, whom they conquered, 

 and from the prisoners whom they had taken in their 

 incursions, the arts of peace, agriculture, and manu- 

 factures. The hospitality of Geysa, and the religious 

 zeal of Sarolta, his wife, did much to attract strangers, 

 from different countries and of all classes, into Hun- 

 gary. The Hungarians violently opposed the intro- 

 duction of Christianity by the bishops Pellegrin of 

 Passau and Adelbert of Prague, and Geysa was 

 obliged to leave the farther extension of it to his son 

 Stephen, who finally prevailed by the assistance of 

 Latin monks and German knights. Stephen was 

 rewarded for his services in extirpating the heathens, 

 by a crown from pope Sylvester II., part of which 

 still remains on the sacra regni Hungariee corona, 

 and by a patriarchal cross, with the title of apostolic 

 king. Thus Stephen founded the kingdom in 1000, 

 which, according to the notions of that period, 

 he endeavoured to strengthen by the power of the 

 hierarchy and the aristocracy. He established ten 

 richly endowed bishoprics, and divided the whole 

 empire into seventy-two counties,* with an officer at 

 the head of each, responsible only to the king, and 

 invested with full military and civil power. These 



* The counties of Hungary may consist of two or more 

 districts. Each one has its governor, a vice-governor, who 

 is collector of the revenue*, a notary, four superior and 

 four inferior judges. All these civil officers must be chosen 

 from the nobility who have estates in tbe county. In 

 twelve counties the dignity of governor is hereditary, but 

 in others it is connected with one of the high offices of the 

 kingdom or with a bishopric, or the court appoints whom 

 it will out of the nobility. The nobility elect the other 

 officers of tbe county from three, whom the governor 

 names. Those part* of Transylvania, Sclavonia, and 

 Croatia, to which the name Land of the Itungariansa 

 given, with the exception of the military settltjnu-nts uu 

 the trmtiers, arc also divided into counties. 



