iii 



LEIGI1TON- LEIPSIC. 



1.1 Kill ION, ROBERT, on ecclesiastic of singular 

 learning, integrity, and benev olenee, was Iwrn in 

 l-iliiilnirgh in 1611, and received his education at 

 the university there, which he entered as a student 

 ill 1627. He was subsequently sent to France, and, 

 on his return, obtained Presbyterian ordination, and 

 was setth-d at New bottle, near Edinburgh. Disap- 

 proved of by his Presbyterian brethren, as not suffi- 

 ciently polemical in his discourses, he resigned his 

 living, and was soon after chosen principal of the 

 university of Edinburgh. When Charles II. resolved 

 to re-establish episcopacy in Scotland ; Dr Leigh- 

 ton was induced to accept a bishopric, but chose the 

 humblest of the whole, Duniblune, and would not 

 join in tlit- pomi ous entry of his bretiiren into Edin- 

 burgh. He, nevertheless, became archbishop of 

 Glasgow, elm-fly impelled, it is believed, by a hope 

 of furthering a scheme of reconciliation between the 

 Presbyterians and Episcopalians. Disappointed in 

 tliis hope, as also in his wishes to moderate the acri- 

 monious fieelings of both parties, he went to London, 

 and requested leave to resign his see ; but his resig- 

 nation was not accepted. He, never, however, 

 returned to Scotland, and died in London, Feb. 1, 

 1084, in the seventy-first year of his age. Arch- 

 bishop Leighton was celebrated for his gentleness, 

 moderation, and disinterestedness ; for, although his 

 bishopric produced only 200, and his archbishopric 

 barely 400 per annum, lie founded exhibitions both 

 in die colleges of Edinburgh and Glasgow. As a 

 preacher, he was admired beyond all his contempo- 

 raries, and his works have not yet lost their popu- 

 larity, a complete edition of them having been pub- 

 lished in 1808 (6 vols. 8vo.), with a life of the 

 author. 



LEIPSIC (properly, Leipzig). There is, perhaps, 

 no city in Europe of its size and population, so import- 

 ant in a literary, commercial, and historical connexion, 

 as Leipsic. At the end of the tenth century, a little 

 Sclavoniau village stood in the angle formed by the 

 confluence of the Parde with the Pieisse. It received 

 its name from the numerous lindens (Scalvonic, lip, 

 lipa) in the neighbourhood. The first mention of 

 Leipsic, as a fortified city, with walls and ditches, 

 is in the twelfth century, in the time of Otho the 

 Rich, who established the two fail's of Easter and 

 Michaelmas. The bull which Alexander V. issued 

 in 1409, for the establishment of the university, calls 

 it " the populous and spacious Lipzk." The city 

 itself, at that time, was probably of the same extent 

 as at present, fur the ditch surrounding it existed in 

 1454. But during the peace which followed the 

 seven years' war, the fortifications fell into decay, 

 and the ditch was converted into a garden, which, 

 instead of ramparts, encircled the whole city. With 

 the increasing prosperity of the citizens, the city 

 received new embellishments. Leipsic stands in a 

 large plain, which is fertile, and enlivened by thriv- 

 ing villages. According to Oberreit, the observa- 

 tory is situated in lat. 51 20' 19" N., Ion. 12 21' 

 45" E, Population, 41,000. The plains of Leipsic 

 arc watered by four rivers the Pieisse, the Elster, 

 the Pard(!, and the Luppe. The city lias four gates, 

 and is divided into four quarters, containing seven 

 squares, six principal streets, and twelve small 

 streets. The principal public buildings, some of 

 winch are fine specimens of architecture, are, the 

 to* i-house, built in 1599, the exchange, the churches 

 of Si. Thomas and St Nicholas, the St Thomas school, 

 the Auerbach court, the Pleissenburg wit h the 

 observatory, the cloth hall, &c. Among the inhabi- 

 tants are many descendants of the fugitive Hugue- 

 nots, Italians, and some Jews, enjoying protection. 

 Tle commerce of Leipsic, which draws foreigners 

 from almost uli nations to the great fairs, has 



not, indeed, the extent which it had thirty years 

 since, !>ut it employs, nevertheless, directly, or indi- 

 rectly, the majority of the inhabitants. Between 

 8000 and 9000 purclmsers assemble at the great 

 fairs. The principal articles are horses (400 to 500 

 select animals is the average number offered for 

 sale) , peltry, cotton stuffs anil cotton, wool, colonial 

 products, English and French goods, and the pro- 

 ductions of the Erzgebirge, books and works of art. 

 There are, in the city, about 300 retail dealers, and 

 200 wholesale merchants. Traders often come 

 hither from distant countries Greeks, Russians, and 

 even Persians. The book-trade of Leipsic is unique. 

 Every German publisher has an agent there, who 

 receives and disposes of his publications. The agents 

 send packages of books, twice a week, to all parts 

 of Germany. Twice a year, a book-fair is held at 

 Leipsic, which is attended by booksellers from all 

 parts of the country. Some French, Russian, and 

 British booksellers are also present. The Leipsic 

 annual catalogue of books shows the immense num- 

 ber that are written in Germany. Manufactures, in 

 general, have been pursued with little success in 

 Leipsic ; but the manufacture of gold and silver 

 thread, of tobacco, of playing cards, oil-cloth, be- 

 sides printing and type-founding, have profitably 

 employed, for years, a large number of workmen. 

 The university library, of about 60,000 volumes, with 

 I GOO manuscripts, is principally rich in the philolo- 

 gical and medical departments, as well as in ancient 

 theology. It was formed from the libraries of the 

 suppressed monasteries. The public library, founded 

 in 1605, contains valuable treasures of history and 

 jurisprudence. The collections of paintings of Speck, 

 Keil, and other private individuals, are uncommonly 

 extensive and easily accessible to amateurs. To the 

 young musician, Leipsic affords great opportunities 

 of improvement. The principal productions of mo- 

 dern instrumental music are here heard in great per- 

 fection. For centuries have the two learned schools 

 of St Thomas and St Nicholas been celebrated. 

 Gesner, Ernesti, Fischer, Reiske, were educated 

 here. The university was founded, in 1409, by a 

 greaf number of the students from Prague, with their 

 teachers, on which occasion the elector Frederic the 

 Quarrelsome, and his brother William, took, as the 

 models of the new institution, the universities of 

 Prague and Paris. Many of the most famous scho- 

 lars of Germany have taught in this institution, which 

 now numbers 1300 students and upwards of seventy 

 professors. Botanical gardens, hospitals, and othei 

 necessary establishments, are connected with the 

 university. 



LEIPSIC, BATTLES OF. Twice have the destinies 

 of Germany been decided by arms on the plains of 

 Leipsic Sept. 7, 1631, and Oct. 18, 1813 ; and the 

 battle of Nov. 2, 1642, was by no means uriimporti 

 ant in its consequences. In the battle of Sept. 7, 

 1631, the military talents of Gustavus Adolphus, anil 

 the superior tactics of the Swedes, prevailed over the 

 Catholic German generals, Tilly and Pappenheim, 

 and Tilly was shown not to be invincible. Of his 

 army of 35,000 to 40,000 men, 8000 fell, 3000 were 

 taken prisoners. The victory was decisive, and 

 Protestant principles triumphed in North Germany. 

 In this battle, the Swedes made good use of their 

 leather cannons. Eleven years after, in 1642, Tor- 

 stenson defeated, at the same place, the imperial 

 Saxon troops, under the arch-duke Leopold William 

 and Piccolomini. But the battle of 1813 was most 

 remarkable for its extent and duration, the magni- 

 tude of thft contending armies, and the importance of 

 its consequences. For the campaign of 1813, the 

 allied powers had formed the plan of operating on 

 the flanks of Napoleon, and uniting in his rear. 



