462 



LICK -LIEN. 



Lichtenstein. The courts of appeal are the Austrian 

 courts. 'Mi.- prince furnishes a contingent of fifty-five 

 men to the nrmy of the confederacy. He has a voice 

 in tin- MMftiuli votf in the diet, and has the twenty- 

 eighth vote in tin- general assembly (plenum). Nov. 

 9, 1818, he granted his principality a constitution, on 

 the model of the constitution of tlie German states of 

 Austria. W> mention this, on account of the quali- 

 fying clauses of the fourth section of this instrument, 

 which would make the electors of Lichtenstein an 

 assembly of patriarchs. It gives the right of voting 

 to every person who pays taxes on an estate valued 

 at 2000 guilders, is thirty years old, of irreproachable 

 and disinterested character, and of a peaceable dis- 

 position. The prince's income is 17,000 guilders, 

 but he has large districts, with towns and villages, 

 as an Austrian subject, which contain 350,000 inha- 

 bitants, and yield a revenue of 1 ,500,000 guilders. 

 He has also considerable possessions in Bohemia. 



LICK, or SALT LICK. A salt spring is called a 

 lick, in the western parts of the United States of 

 America, from the circumstance that the earth about 

 it, which is impregnated with saline particles, is lick- 

 ed by the bison and deer. 



LICTORS. Lictors, in Rome, were the public 

 servants, who attended upon the magistrates, to ful- 

 fil their commands. Their name (lictores) was de- 

 rived from their binding offenders hand and foot, 

 previously to the punishment of scourging. The 

 office was borrowed by Romulus from the Etruscans, 

 whose chief magistrates were attended by servants, 

 bearing axes tied up in bundles of rods, which were 

 called fasces. He was himself always pre- 

 ceded by twelve of them. When the re- 

 gal dignity was abolished at Rome, the royal 

 pomp was retained ; and, on this account, 

 consuls, pnetors, and other important offi- 

 cers (except the censors), were all attended 

 by lictors. When a magistrate of high rank 

 appeared in public, the lictors preceded him 

 in a file, following each other. It was their 

 duty to clear the road of the populace, that 

 the consul, or other officer, might not be 

 impeded in his progress ; and this was ef- 

 fected by the cry, " The consul (or praetor, 

 &c.) comes," " Make way for the consul." 

 When he returned to his own house, or en- 

 tered another, the lictors struck the door 

 with their fasces. . They also took care that 

 proper respect should be shown to the per- 

 son of the magistrate. A horseman who 

 met the consul was obliged to dismount. 

 Every one uncovered his head as he passed, 

 Jeft him free passage, &c. The lictors were 

 the executioners of punishments. They were free 

 men, but chosen from among the lowest classes, and 

 were often freed-men of the magistrate whom they 

 attended. The dictators were preceded by twenty- 

 four lictors ; the consuls, decemvirs and tribunes of 

 the soldiers, by twelve ; the praetors and master of the 

 horse, by six. and the vestal virgins by one, only. 



LIECHTENSTEIN. See Lichtenstein. 



LIEGE (German, Liittich; Dutch, Luyk}, formerly 

 a bishopric in the circle of Westphalia, was occupied 

 by the French in 1794, ceded to them by the peace 

 of Luneville, and formed the department of the 

 Ourthe. By a decree of the congress of Vienna, and 

 a separate treaty of March 23, 1815, this country was 

 given, as a sovereign principality, to the king of the 

 Netherlands, and formed, until the Belgian revolu- 

 tion of 1830, a province of the kingdom, containing 

 2160 square miles, with 354,000 inhabitants, some 

 portions of its territory having been added to other 

 provinces. The Meuse and Ourthe water it. In the 

 southern part, which is a continuation of the Ar- 



dennes, the soil is rocky, hilly, anil covered with 

 woods. The western part is a fertile plain. Grain is 

 not raised in quantities sufficient to supply the wants 

 of the inhab.tanls, ;:nd has been partly superseded 

 by potatoes. Cattle and sheep are raised in great 

 numbers. The Limburg cheeses, which are made 

 in this province, are celebrated. It is rich in coal, 

 calamine, alum, iron, lime, good marble, flints, whet- 

 stone, and building-stone. The cloth and iron 

 manufactories are considerable, and guns and cloths 

 are exported in large quantities. '1 lie new troops 

 of Turkey liave been chiefly armed from the work- 

 shops of Liege. 



Liege, the capital of the province, lies in a valley 

 on the Meuse, at its confluence with the Ourthe. 

 Liege was formerly fortified. There are seventeen 

 bridges across the river. The population is 47,000, 

 houses, 8000. There are forty churches in the city. 

 Lat. 50 39' 22" N.; Ion. 5 31' 50" E. The 

 inhabitants are chiefly Walloons who speak a cor- 

 rupt French, mixed with Spanish and German. 

 Muskets are made from the value of a crown to 

 500 louis d'or. There are also cannon-founderies, 

 zinc-works, tanneries, &c. Nails are manufactured 

 here in great quantity. A university was established 

 at Liege (1817), which, previous to the troubles of 

 1830, had 350 students and several useful institu- 

 tions connected with it. 



LIEGNITZ, capital of the government of the 

 same name, in Silesia, Prussia, at the confluence 

 of the Schwarzwasser and Katzbach, the seat of 

 government, &c.,has 9600 inhabitants, institutions 

 tor education, linen-bleacheries, &c. Frederic the 

 Great defeated general Laudon near Liegnitz, Au- 

 gust 15, 1760. Not far from it lies the village of 

 Wahlstatt, from which Blucher received his title of 

 prince, on account of the battle of the Katzbach 

 (q. v.) The former principality of Liegnitz had 

 dukes of the Piast family. The second wife of the 

 king of Prussia, to whom he was united by what is 

 called a left-handed, or morganatic marriage (see 

 Morganntic Marriage'), November 11, 1824, bears 

 the title of princess of Leignitz. She was a countess 

 von Harrach. May 26, 1826, she joined the Protes- 

 tant church, having previously been a Catholic. 



LIEN, in law, in its most usual acceptation, sig- 

 nifies " the right which one person, in certain cases, 

 possesses of detaining property, placed in his posses- 

 sion, belonging to another, until some demand, which 

 the former has, is satisfied." It is, however, not 

 unfrequently used, whenever property, either real 

 or personal, is charged with the payment of any 

 debt or duty, every such charge being styled a lien 

 on the property, although the latter be not in the 

 possession of the person to whom the debt or duty 

 is due. This second signification would open too 

 wide a field of discussion. We shall therefore con- 

 fine ourselves to the explanation of the right of 

 detaining, which is the more technical meaning of 

 the two. Liens are of two kinds: 1. particular 

 liens, that is, where the person in possession of 

 goods may detain them until a claim, which accrues 

 to him from those identical goods, is satisfied ; and, 

 2. general liens, that is, where the person in posses- 

 sion may detain the goods, not only for his claim 

 accruing from them, but also for the general balance 

 of his account with the owners. Again, some liens 

 are given by the common law, without any agree- 

 ment between the parties ; some are created by 

 express agreement, and some by usage ; which 

 latter, indeed, implies an agreement, because, when 

 a man enters into any business, where a particular 

 usage is generally adopted, he is presumed to con- 

 sent to be bound by that usage, unless, in his deal- 

 ings with others, he expressly protests against it. 



