LIGHT INFANTRY LILBLRNE. 



467 



sons between the systems which have been carried 

 on in France have fully justified this measure. Suc- 

 cessful experiments have likewise been made on the 

 application of the oxy-hydrogen gas light upon quick- 

 lime, as a substitute for that at present employed in 

 lighthouses. 



LIGHT INFANTRY; a name given to all foot- 

 soldiers not intended to fight in column, or, at least, 

 to fight chiefly as sharp-shooters. They are, in some 

 armies, the opposite to grenadiers. However, light- 

 infantry is not a distinguishing name, according to 

 the present organization of armies. See Infantry, 

 Tirailleurs, and Grenadier. 



LIGHTNING. See Electricity. 



LIGHTNING-ROD. See Conductor. 



LIGHTVVOOD; a name given, in America, to 

 the knots and other resinous parts of pine trees. 



LIGNE, CHARLES JOSEPH, prince de, a brave 

 soldier and talented author, was born at Brussels, in 

 1735. The prince de Ligne devoted his early years 

 to the study of the classics and the science of war. 

 In 1755, he entered the Austrian service, and served 

 as captain till 1758. In 1759, he was made colonel. 

 At the end of the war, he was stationed in the Neth- 

 erlands, with the rank of major-general, and the 

 count d'Artois invited him to the French court, 

 where his society was generally sought, and he was 

 admitted into the privacy of the royal family. He 

 visited England and Italy. In 1770, he was present 

 at the meeting of Frederic the Great with Joseph 

 II., in Silesia. On a visit to Petersburg, he received 

 great honours from the empress. His conduct in the 

 Netherlands had made him very popular. He ac- 

 companied the empress Catharine to Cherson. At 

 the commencement of the war with the Turks, he 

 was Austrian ambassador to the Russian army ; 

 afterwards, he commanded part of the army which 

 besieged and took Belgrade. He died Dec. 13, 

 1814. He has given historical accounts of several 

 battles in which he took an active part. His know- 

 ledge, experience, activity, and acute observation, 

 appear in his numerous writings, of which thirty 

 volumes were published, at different periods, on a 

 variety of subjects, in verse and prose, in the French 

 language. Madame de Stael edited a selection from 

 them. He gives much information on the leading 

 persons and events of his time, in an amusing and 

 instructive manner. 



LIGNUMVIT^E. See Guaiacum. 



LIGNY, BATTLE OF, on June 16, 1815. See 

 Quatrebras, and fPaterloo. 



LIGUOIU, ALPHONSO MARIA DE, founder of the 

 sect called Ligorists, or Rcdemptorists, was born at 

 Naples, Sept. 26, 1696. He was originally a law- 

 yer ; but some unpleasant circumstances in his pro- 

 fession induced him to become a priest, in 1722. He 

 soon joined the Congregation for the Propagation of 

 the Faith, which had been instituted in Naples, and 

 occupied himself as a missionary in the instruction of 

 the ignorant peasantry. In 1732, he founded a 

 monastery in the hermitage of St Mary, at Villa 

 Scala (in the Principato Citra),with the approbation 

 of the pope, the members of which were called the 

 order of the most holy Redeemer, and were to be 

 employed in the instruction of the people. This 

 new order soon extended over both Sicilies. The 

 first houses belonging to it were at Salerno, Conza, 

 Nocera, and Bovino. For a long time this order, so 

 much like the Jesuits, was unknown beyond the limits 

 of Italy, till, in 1811, they took possession of the sup- 

 pressed Carthusian monastery at Val-Saint, in the 

 canton of Friburg, the occupants of which (some 

 Trappists) had been expelled. They subsequently 

 appeared in the Austrian dominions, and even in the 

 capital, where they now have a rich establishment. 



Liguori was, in 1762, appointed bishop of Santa 

 Agata de' Gotici (in the Principato Ultra), by Cle- 

 ment XIII., from which office he was released by 

 Pius VI. , in 1775, at his own request, being old, sickly, 

 and so exhausted by fasting and penance, that he was 

 no longer able to perform the duties of his office. 

 He retired to the, chief foundation of his order, at 

 Nocera de' Pagani, and died there, Aug. 1, 1787, at 

 the advanced age of ninety years. Since 1816, his 

 name has been enrolled in the Rouiish calendar of 

 saints. His writings, which are of an ascetic char- 

 acter, have appeared, partly at Naples, and partly at 

 Venice. 



LIGURIA, with the Romans, was that portion of 

 the north of Italy, extending along the Mediterranean, 

 from the borders of France to the city of Leghorn, 

 and bounded, on the north, by the river Po. In 

 1797, the aristocratic republic of Genoa received from 

 Bonaparte a democratic constitution , under the appel- 

 lation of the Ligurian republic. This republic ceased 

 to exist in 1805, when the emperor incorporated it 

 with France. Since 1814, it has formed part of the 

 kingdom of Sardinia. 



LILAC (syringa). This beautiful and familiar 

 shrub, the ornament of our gardens, is a native of 

 Persia and the surrounding countries. It belongs to 

 the diandria monogynia of Linnaeus, and to the 

 natural family jasminece, in which are included the 

 olive, the privet, and the jasmine. The corolla is 

 funnel-shaped, and divided into four segments ; the 

 leaves are opposite ; and the flowers are agreeably 

 scented, and disposed in large pyramidal racemes, of 

 a bluish or purplish colour. It is of easy culture. 

 Three other species of syringa are known. 



LILBURNE, JOHN, a republican, during the 

 time of Charles I. and Cromwell, was born in 1618, 

 and placed with a clothier in London. Of a bold, 

 unquiet, and forward temper, one of his first exploits 

 was to summon his master before the city chamber- 

 lain for ill usage. He employed his leisure in studying 

 the religious systems and controversies of the time ; 

 and the Book of Martyrs, in particular, inspired him 

 with an enthusiastic passion for encountering all sorts 

 of danger in the cause of truth. Dr Bastwick, then 

 under star-chamber prosecution, employed him to 

 get anti-episcopal strictures printed in Holland. On 

 his return, he employed himself in similar occupa- 

 tions, but, being betrayed by an associate, he was 

 tried before the star-chamber, where his deportment 

 was so firm that he acquired the appellation of free 

 born John. He was doomed to receive 500 lashes, 

 and stand in the pillory, which sentence was executed, 

 in April, 1638, with great severity. On the meeting 

 of the long parliament, a vote passed the house of 

 commons, pronouncing the sentence against Mr Lil- 

 burne barbarous and illegal, and that reparation 

 should be made to him for his sufferings and losses. 

 He then served in the parliamentary army. Dislike 

 to the measures of Fairfax and Cromwell, induced 

 him soon after to lay down his sword, but it was only 

 to take up the pen against all whose political conduct 

 offended him. Being committed to Newgate for con- 

 tempt, when brought before the house of lords for a 

 libel on the earl of Manchester, he contrived, while 

 thus immured, to publish pamphlets in rapid succes- 

 sion, in which he virulently assailed his enemies, aiK 1 

 even made a charge of high treason against Cromwell 

 and Ireton. For this he was ordered to be tried for 

 seditious practices ; but so active and numerous were 

 his friends among the people, that, in 1648, the house 

 of commons thought fit to discharge him, and make an 

 order for reparation for his sufferings. At the time of 

 the king's death, he busied himself in drawing up a 

 new constitution, and boldly maintained the rights of 

 the people against the army. So dangerous did h 

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