LIMA LIMBURG. 



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were adopted, in 1 179, by Louis VII. Philip-Augus- 

 tus first used them on the royal seals. The settled 

 use of three fleurs de Us began with Charles VI. 

 When the count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X., 

 entered France, in 1814, the lily became a party 

 emblem. The adherents of the Bourbons wore a 

 lily in the button-hole, suspended by a white riband. 

 The French government subsequently distributed 

 them with much profusion, on various occasions ; as 

 to pupils who appeared well at public examinations. 

 After the battle of Waterloo, Louis XVIII. offered 

 Blucher to give the lily to every Prussian soldier; but 

 he declined the honour. During the revolution of 

 1830, the lily was not attacked, as the memory of 

 Louis the XVIII. was respected ; but when the Car- 

 lists publicly celebrated the day of baptism of the 

 duke of Bourdeaux, the people, indignant at such a 

 scene, destroyed the lily wherever it could be found. 

 The government (Casimir Perrier being prime minis- 

 ter) ordered all the crosses and the lilies to be removed 

 from the public edifices, &c., though it had just 

 before been in contemplation to introduce the fleurs- 

 de-lis upon the tricolored banners. 



LIMA, the capital of the republic of Peru, for- 

 merly called Ciudad de los Reyes (city of kings), is 

 situated on the river Rimac, from which its present 

 name is derived by a corrupt pronunciation, about 

 ten miles from the Pacific ocean ; Ion. 77 7' W. ; lat. 

 12 2' S. ; population, according to Caldcleugh 

 (Travels in South America), in 1824, 70,000 ; accord- 

 ing to Stewart, who visited it in 1829, 50,000. It is 

 about 700 feet above the level of the sea, and presents 

 a beautiful appearance from Callao, its port. The en- 

 trance is by a beautiful avenue, or public walk, called 

 the almeda, at the end of which was a handsome 

 gate, now in ruins. Pizarro, in laying out the city, 

 distributed the spaces for the houses into quarters, of 

 150 varas, or Spanish yards. The streets are broad, 

 and uniformly intersect each other at right angles, 

 running either from north to south or from east to 

 west. Small streams of water, conducted from the 

 river above the town, and arched over, contribute 

 to its cleanliness. On the opposite side of the river, 

 connected with the city by a bridge, is the suburb of 

 St Lazarus. In consequence of the frequency of the 

 earthquakes by which Lima has suffered, the houses 

 are seldom raised more than two stories, and are 

 commonly built of wood, with flat roofs, from which 

 construction no inconvenience arises, in a country 

 where rain is unknown. The houses of the rich are 

 built in a Moorish style, introduced from Spain. 

 They consist of a square pile, of the height above- 

 mentioned, enclosing a quadrangular court, which is 

 surrounded with piazzas, and sometimes contains a 

 second, or even third inner court. The Plaga, or 

 great square, in the centre of the city, is surrounded 

 partly with shops, and partly with public buildings, 

 among which are the cathedral, and the government, 

 once the vice-regal palace, in which are shown the 

 hall of assassination, where Pizarro was assassinated, 

 and the hall of independence. The riches which 

 have been lavished on the cathedral are almost be- 

 yond belief, any where but in a city which once paved 

 a street with ingots of silver, in honour of a new 

 viceroy. The cabildo, or city-house, built in the 

 Chinese style, the archiepiscopal palace, the mint, 

 the palace of the inquisition (part of which is now 

 occupied as a national museum), and the convent of 

 the Franciscans, said to cover an eighth of the whole 

 city, and which Mr Stewart found almost deserted, 

 are worthy of notice. Previously to the late changes, 

 the number of monks in Lima was reckoned at 1200, 

 but they are now very few. There are fourteen 

 convents for women, and a number of casas de exer- 

 cicio, into which ladies retire for two or three weeks, 



to perform various acts of pious penance. A university 

 was founded at Lima in 1551, which obtained from 

 the crown of Spain, the same privileges as that of 

 Salamanca. The higher classes of the inhabitants 

 are generally well educated, and the women are 

 celebrated for their vivacity and beauty. Both sexes 

 smoke ; and this practice is excused, under the pre- 

 tence that it is rendered necessary by the mists and 

 drizzle (called, by sailors, Peruvian dew), which pre- 

 vail at certain seasons. The manners of the people 

 are so loose as to be proverbial in that part of the 

 world. Music, bull-fights, ami cards are the principal 

 amusements ; dancing, which is a favourite in many 

 of the southern republics, not being popular with the 

 Limanians. The Spaniards of Lima are at present 

 almost all Creoles, the Chapetones, or European 

 Spaniards, having left the country during the troubles. 

 In 1824, there were 15,000 slaves in the city; but 

 the new Peruvian constitution of 1828 abolished 

 slavery. Lima has been repeatedly laid in ruins by 

 earthquakes, more than twenty of which it has ex- 

 perienced since 1582. The most destructive were 

 those in 1586, 1630, 1665, 1678, when a great part 

 of the city was totally destroyed ; those in 1687, 

 1746, when not more than twenty houses out of 3000 

 were left standing, and of twenty-three ships in the 

 harbour of Callao, nineteen were sunk ; those in 

 1764, 1822, and 1828, the two latter of which were 

 very destructive. For the political events of which 

 Lima has recently been the theatre, see La Mar, and 

 Peru. 



LIMB ; the outermost border, or graduated edge 

 of a quadrant, astrolabe, or such like mathematical 

 instrument. The word is also used for the arch of 

 the primitive circle, in any projection of the sphere 

 in piano. Limb also signifies the outermost border 

 or edge of the sun and moon ; as the upper limb or 

 edge, the lower limb, the preceding limb, or side, the 

 following limb. 



LIMBO (from the Latin limbus, edge, border) 

 signifies, in the Roman Catholic theology, the place 

 on the borders of hell, where the patriarchs remained, 

 until the advent of Christ, who, before his resurrec- 

 tion, appeared to them, and opened the doors of 

 heaven for them. It is not a dogma of the church, 

 but is universally adopted by the Roman Catholics. 

 The word limbus is neither found in the Bible, nor 

 in the ancient fathers of the church ; yet, as St Paul 

 says that Christ descended to the lower parts of the 

 earth (Ephes., c. 4, v. 9), it is concluded that good 

 and bad were there ; and as the parable of the rich 

 man says, that, between Abraham and Lazarus and 

 the rich man, a great gulf was fixed, it is concluded 

 that the good in those regions were not only not tor- 

 mented, but were separated from the wicked. This 

 limbo is called limbus patrum. Some theologians 

 adopt a limbus infantum, where those infants, who 

 died without being baptized, go ; but those who fol- 

 low St Augustine do not allow this separation of 

 them from the damned, though they do not believe 

 that they are tormented like the latter. It is not 

 known when the word limbus first came into use ; 

 but, as inferi (hell) seemed to convey the idea of 

 eternal damnation as a punishment, a milder term 

 was adopted. Dante, in his great poem, allows the 

 virtuous heathens to dwell in the limbus : thus he finds 

 Socrates there. 



Limbo, figuratively, means any place of confine 

 ment or restraint. Milton's limbo " large and 

 round, since called the paradise of fools, to few 

 unknown '' is borrowed from the limbus of the scho- 

 lastic theologians, and Ariosto's receptacle of lost 

 things. 



LIMBURG ; the name of several places and pro- 

 vinces, of which we shall only mention the province 



