LIVADIA LIVERPOOL. 



497 



read in English. In 1547, Edward VI. commissioned 

 Cranmer, Ridley, and eleven other divines, to draw 

 up a Jiturgy in English. This was published in 1549, 

 and again, with some chang<s, in 1551, whence it 

 was called the Second Prayer Book of Edward VI. 

 In the reign of James I., and, finally, at the restora- 

 tion, it underwent new revisions. This was the last 

 revisal in which any alteration was made by author- 

 ity. A liturgy of the New Church (Swedenborgians) 

 signified by the New Jerusalem in the Revelation, 

 was published by the Swedenborgian general con- 

 ference in England, in 1828. The liturgy of the 

 episcopal church in Scotland, is at present not very 

 different from that of the church of England. The 

 attempt of Charles I. (1637) to introduce into Scot- 

 land a book of common prayer, copied from the 

 English, produced the solemn league and covenant. 

 The Directory was afterwards adopted, but by no 

 means strictly adhered to. In 1712, the English Book 

 of Common Prayer was finally adopted, with some 

 modifications. The Book of Common Prayer of the 

 Protestant Episcopal church in the United States of 

 America, was adopted in 1789, and, besides some 

 minor deviations from the English, it omits the 

 Athanasian creed, and, in the Apostles' creed, leaves 

 the olficiating minister the discretional power of sub- 

 stituting, for the expression " he descended into hell,'' 

 "he went into the place of departed spirits." It has 

 adopted the oblation and invocation in the communion 

 service, in which it approximates to the Scottish com- 

 munion office, and has added six forms of prayer for 

 the visitation of prisoners ; for thanksgiving for the 

 fruits of the earth and other blessings ; for morning 

 and evening prayer in families ; for the consecration 

 of a church or chapel ; and, lastly, a beautiful and 

 impressive office of institution of ministers. See 

 K >echer's Billiotheca Liturgica ; Bingham's Ori- 

 gincs Ecclesiastics; Comber's Scholastical History of 

 Liturgies. 



LIVADIA ; the ancient Hellas, or Middle Greece 

 (see Greece); situated to the south of Janna, or Thes- 

 saly and north ofMorea, bounded east by the ^Egean, 

 and west by the Ionian sea, 5800 square miles in 

 extent, and containing 250,000 inhabitants, chiefly 

 Greeks. The name is derived from the town of 

 Livadia (or Lebadia ; 2000 houses and 6000 inhabi- 

 tants). The boundary between Livadia and Thessaly 

 is formed by the mountain CEta (on whose summit 

 Hercules was burned), now called Kumaita. It is 

 only accessible, at least for artillery, by a narrow 

 pass between CEta and the swamps on the Malian 

 gulf (gulf of Zeitouni), or the famous pass of Ther- 

 mopylae. In the war of the Greek revolution, several 

 decisive battles were fought in this part of the coun- 

 try, the most bloody near the town of Zeitouni, the 

 ancient Lamia, which lies to the north. From this 

 pass, which is about six miles long, we enter, 1. 

 Locris, the northerly part of Livadia ; farther south 

 lie, 2. Phocis, with the ancient Elataja, now Turko- 

 Chorio, watered by the river Cephissus, and inter- 

 sected by mount Parnassus; and, still more southerly, 

 3. Boeotia ; 4. Attica ; and 5. Megaris ; to the west 

 are 6. ^Etolia; and 7. Acarnania. The ancient names 

 of places are now revived, and Middle Greece has 

 been divided into East and West Hellas. (See Greece, 

 Revolution of Modern.) The boundary of Greece, as 

 settled by the protocol of February, 1830, runs north 

 of Livadia, thus placing it within the kingdom of 

 Greece. The character of the present inhabitants of 

 these countries is as various as their descent and 

 mode of life. The first inhabitants of the coast 

 were chiefly of foreign, or, as the Greeks called it, 

 of barbarian descent. Their occupation was piracy. 

 The mountaineers were robbers, constantly at war 

 with their oppressors. Missolonghi, the only strong- 



hold on the western coast, has been rendered cele- 

 brated by late events. To the north is the ancient 

 Actium, or Azio. Trevesa, which, with Parga, and 

 the coast of Epirus, was ceded to the Turks in 1800, 

 and Arta, near the gulf of Arta, belong to Albania. 

 In the southerly part of Locris lies Lepanto. In 

 Boeotia is the town Livadia, formerly Lebadia, at 

 the foot of mount Helicon, near which are the cave 

 of Trophonius, and the fountains of Mnemosyne 

 (memory) and Lethe (oblivion). Not far oft" are 

 Leuctra and Plata3a, and the ruins of Thespise, whose 

 inhabitants were selected by Leonidas to die for 

 their country, with the 300 Spartans. Tanagra, on 

 the jEsopus, was the birth-place of the celebrated 

 Corinna. Mount Cithaeron divides Bceotia from 

 Attica and from Megaris. See Greece. 



LIVE OAK. See Oak. 



LIVER (jecur, hepar) ; a large gland which occu- 

 pies a considerable portion of the cavity of the belly, 

 and which secretes the bile. It is a single organ, of 

 an irregular shape, brownish-red colour, and, in 

 general, is smaller in proportion as the individual is 

 more healthy. It occupies the right hypochondrium, 

 or space included by the false ribs, and a part of the 

 epigastric region, and lies immediately under the 

 diaphragm (midriff), above the stomach, the trans- 

 verse colon, and right kidney ; in front of the verte- 

 bral column, the aorta and the inferior vena cava, 

 and behind the cartilaginous edge of the chest. The 

 right false ribs are on its right, and the spleen on its 

 left. The superior surface is convex, and the inferior 

 is irregularly convex and concave, which has given 

 risen to the division into the right, or large lobe, the 

 small, or inferior lobe, and the left lobe. The right 

 extremity of the liver is lower than the left, and is 

 the most bulky part of the organ. The. pressure of 

 the surrounding organs, and certain folds of peri- 

 toneum, called its ligaments, which connect it with the 

 diaphragm, retain the liver in its place, leaving it, at 

 the same time, a considerable power of changing its 

 relative position. The organization of the liver is 

 very complicated. Besides its peculiar tissue, or 

 parenchyma, the texture of which is unknown, it 

 receives a larger number of vessels than any other 

 gland. A peculiar venous system- that of the vena 

 portarum is distributed in it. To this must be 

 added the ramifications of the hepatic artery and 

 veins, the nerves, which are small, the lymphatic 

 vessels, the excretory tubes, and a peculiar tissue, 

 enclosed by a double membrane, a serous or peri- 

 toneal, and a cellular one. The excretory apparatus 

 of the bile is composed of the hepatic duct, which, 

 rising immediately from the liver, unites with the 

 cystic duct, which terminates in the gall-bladder. 

 The choledochic duct is formed by the union of the 

 two preceding, and terminates in the duodenum. 

 See Gall-Bladder, and Bile. 



LIVERPOOL ; a borough town of England, in 

 Lancashire, and ( next to London) the principal sea- 

 port in the British dominions : 204 miles from Lon- 

 don ; 36 from Manchester: Ion. 2 59' W., lat. 53 

 25' N. It extends along the eastern bank of the 

 Mersey, about three miles, and, at an average, 

 about a mile inland. On the west side of it, and 

 forming a remarkable feature in the town, lie the 

 docks, which, with the wharfs, warehouses, &c., 

 extend in an immense range along the bank of the 

 river. On the other side, the town is prolonged 

 into numerous suburbs, consisting of villas and coun- 

 try houses, the residence or retreat of its wealthy 

 citizens. 



The etymology of the name of Liverpool has been 



a matter of much conjecture. In the charter granted 



by king John, it is' called Lyr-pul, meaning the 



hanbour of the Mersey, derived from the Gaelic Lyr 



2i 



