500 



LIVERPOOL LIVINGSTON. 



named a lord of the admiralty, from which board he 

 subsequently removed to that of the treasury. In 1772 

 he was appointed vice-treasurer of Ireland, and was re- 

 warded with the sinecure of the clerkship of the Fells, 

 purclrnsed back from Mr Fox. In 1778, he was made 

 secretary at war, and, on the dissolution of the admini- 

 stration of lord North, joined that portion of it which 

 supported Mr Pitt, under whose auspices he became 

 president of the board of trade, which office he held in 

 conjunction with the chancellorship of the duchy of 

 Lancaster, given him in 1786. In the same year 1786, 

 he was also elevated to the peerage, by the title of 

 baron Hawkesbury, of Hawkesbury, in the county of 

 Gloucester, and in 1796, he was created earl of Liver- 

 pool. He remained president of the board of trade, 

 until 1801, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 

 until 1803. His death took place on the 7th December 

 1808, at which time he held the sinecures of collector 

 of the customs inwards of the port of London, and 

 clerk of the Pells in Ireland. The earl of Liverpool 

 for a long time shared in all the obloquy attached to 

 the confidential friends of the Bute administration, 

 and, in a particular manner, was thought to enjoy the 

 favour and confidence of George III. , of whom it was 

 usual to regard him as the secret adviser. The earl 

 of Liverpool was the author of the following works : 

 A Discourse on the Establishment of a Constitu- 

 tional Force in England (1756); a Discourse on the 

 Conduct of Great Britain in Regard to Neutral 

 Nations, during the present War (1758) ; a Collec- 

 tion of Treaties, from 1646 to 1673 (3 vols., 8vo, 

 1785) ; a Treatise on the Coins of the Realm, in a 

 Letter to the King (1805). 



LIVERPOOL, ROBERT B.VNKS JENKINSON, earl of; 

 son of the preceding; born in 1770, and died in 1828; 

 known in public life, from 1796 to 1808, as lord 

 Hawkesbury ; from 1812 to 1827, first lord of the 

 treasury. He was educated at the Charter-house ; 

 on leaving which, he was entered of Christ church, 

 Oxford. His father directed his reading and studies 

 in political economy, and other branches of political 

 science at this time ; and, on leaving the university, 

 Mr Jenkinson set out on his travels. He was in 

 Paris at the outbreak of the French revolution, and, 

 in 1791, took his seat in the house of commons, in 

 which he distinguished himself as a debater and an 

 efficient member of the house. In 1801, he was ap- 

 pointed secretary of state for foreign affairs, and two 

 years later, was called to the house of peers as baron 

 Hawkesbury. On the death of Pitt (1806), the pre- 

 miership was offered him, but declined ; and, after 

 the short administration of Fox, his former office was 

 conferred on him, in the Percival ministry. After 

 the assassination of Mr Percival, lord Liverpool (as 

 he had become, on the death of his father, in 1 808) 

 accepted (1812), though reluctantly, the post of 

 premier. His administration was marked by great 

 moderation and prudence at home, but the foreign 

 department bore the different impress of lord London- 

 derry and Canning. Lord Liverpool lost popularity 

 by the trial of the queen, which was closed, as is 

 well known, by the abandonment of the bill of pains 

 and penalties, on the part of the ministers. It was 

 on this occasion, that earl Grey demanded, of him 

 "how he dared, upon such evidence, to bring for- 

 ward a bill of degradation, the discussion of which 

 had convulsed the country from one end to the other, 

 and might have been fatal to her independent exis- 

 tence." A paralytic stroke, in the beginning of 

 1827, having rendered him incapable of attending to 

 business, Mr Canning succeeded him in the premier- 

 ship. 



LIVERWORT. The plant so called is the hepa- 

 tica triloba of Pursh. Like many other supposed 

 remedies, it has had a temporary reputation for the 



cure of pulmonary consumption. It is a pretty 

 little plant, flowering very early in spring, and is 

 common to the United States and Europe. There 

 are two varieties, one with obtuse, and the other 

 with acute lobes to the leaves. 



LIVERY (livree.) At the plenary courts in 

 France, under the sovereigns of the second and 

 third races, the king delivered to his servants, and 

 also to those of the queen and the princes, particular 

 clothes. These were called livrees, been use they 

 were delivered at the king's expense. The expense 

 of these donations, together with that of the table, 

 the equipages, the presents for the nobles and the 

 people, amounted to an immense sum. A prudent 

 economy afterwards suppressed these plenary courts, 

 but the livery of the servants still remained. In 

 London, by livery or livery men, are meant those 

 freemen of the city who belong to the ninety-one 

 city companies, which embrace the various trades of 

 the metropolis ; they had the exclusive privilege of 

 voting at the election of members of parlian ent jind 

 of the lord mayor. Out of this body, the t ommon 

 council, sheriffs, aldermen, and other officers for the 

 govemment of the city, are elected. 



LIVIA DRUSILLA ; wife of the emperor Au- 

 gustus, daughter of Livius Drusus Claudianus, who 

 lost his life in the battle of Philippi, on the side of 

 Brutus and Cassius. She was first married to Tibe- 

 rius Claudius Nero, by whom she had two sons, viz. 

 Drusus and Tiberius. When she fled with her 

 husband to Italy, before the triumvir Octavianus, 

 she narrowly escaped being made prisoner by him, 

 who afterwards became her husband. From that 

 place, she went with her son to Antony, in Achaia, 

 and when her husband was reconciled to Augustus, 

 returned to Rome. Here her personal and mental 

 charms made such an impression on the triumvir, 

 that he repudiated his wife, Scribonia, in order to 

 marry her, and, in the 715th year of Rome, tore her, 

 though pregnant, from her husband. Livia knew 

 how to use her power over the heart of Augustus, 

 for the attainment of her ambitious purposes, and 

 effected the adoption of one of her sons as successor 

 to the throne. At her instigation, Julia, the only 

 daughter of Augustus, was banished. Ancient writ- 

 ers, too, almost universally ascribe to her the deaths 

 of the young Marcellus, of Lucius Czesar, and the 

 banishment of Agrippa Posthumus. Augustus, hav- 

 ing no longer any near relatives, yielded to her 

 requests in favour of Tiberius. In the emperor's 

 will, Livia was constituted the first heiress, was 

 received into the Julian family, and honoured with 

 the name of Augusta. She was also made chief 

 priestess in the temple of the deified Augustus, and 

 many coins were struck in her honour. But Tibe- 

 rius proved himself very ungrateful to his mother, to 

 whom he was indebted for every thing, and would 

 not allow the senate to bestow upon her any further 

 marks of respect. He did not, however, treat her 

 in public with disrespect; but, when he left Rome, 

 in order to gratify his lusts in an uninterrupted soli- 

 tude, he fell into a violent dispute with her, did not 

 visit her in her last sickness, would not see her body 

 after her death, and forbade divine honours to be 

 paid to her memory. 



LIVINGSTON, BROCKHOLST, judge of the 

 supreme court of the United States, was the son 

 of William Livingston, governor of New Jersey, 

 and was born in the city of New York, November 

 25, 1757. He entered Princeton college, but, in 

 1776, left it for the field, and became one of the 

 family- of general Schuyler, commander of the north- 

 ern army. He was afterwards attached to the suite 

 of general Arnold, with the rank of major, and shared 

 in the honour of the conquest of Burgoyne. lu 



