504 



LLORENTE LLOYD. 



goita, entered the clerical order in 1776, got a 

 benrfu'c at Calahorra, and, in 1779, by means of al 

 dUiMMisation (as he was hnrdly twenty-three years 

 old), was consecrated a priest. This, however, did 

 not prevent him from pursuing the study of tiie 

 canon law, while he devoted his leisure to the muses. 

 At Madrid, he was attracted by the theatre, and 

 composed a sort of melo-drama, the Recruit of 

 Galicia. A tragedy, entitled Eric, the King of the 

 Goths, was not represented, as it contained allusions 

 to existing difficulties at the court of Madrid. In 

 1789, he was made chief secretary to the inquisition. 

 Here he had an opportunity to learn from the ar- 

 t-hives of the tribunal the history of its shameful and 

 barbarous proceedings. In 1791, he was sent back 

 to his parish, on suspicion of being attached to the 

 principles of the French revolution, and in spite of 

 the protection of the minister Florida Blanca, who 

 w;is an enlightened statesman. Here he occupied 

 himself actively in the support of emigrant French 

 priests ; and many of tliese unfortunate men were 

 indebted to him alone for their subsistence. The 

 manuscript of a history of the emigration of the 

 French priesthood, founded upon the knowledge 

 obtained from these acquaintances, and written in 

 1793, was lost by the fault of the censors of the press. 

 In the mean time, don Manuel Abad la Sierra, an 

 enlightened man, was made grand inquisitor, who, 

 intending to reform the. administration of this tri- 

 bunal, employed Llorente to prepare a plan for the 

 purpose. But, before it was completed, the removal 

 of Abad la Sierra was obtained by his enemies. 

 Some time after, the design was taken up again at 

 Madrid, and Llorente repaired thither to submit the 

 plan which he had prepared in conjunction with the 

 bishop of Calahorra. Jovellanos (q. v.), minister of 

 justice, supported them. It was proposed to make 

 the proceedings of the tribunal of the inquisition 

 public. All depended upon their obtaining the assist- 

 ance of the prince of peace, the favourite of the 

 queen. But Jovellanos was suddenly removed from 

 office, and the inquisition remained as it was.* (See 

 Inquisition.) Llorente soon felt its arm himself. 

 His correspondence was seized; the most innocent 

 expressions were misinterpreted ; he was sentenced 

 to a month's confinement in a monastery, and to pay 

 a fine of fifty ducats, and was removed from the 

 appointments which he held in the Hely Office. He 

 lived in disgrace till 1805, when his reputation caused 

 him to be called to Madrid to investigate some dark 

 points of history. He was then appointed a canon of 

 the cathedral of Toledo in 1806, and, in 1807, after 

 he had proved himself of noble descent, he was made 

 a knight of the order of don Carlos. In the next 

 year, when Napoleon undertook to regulate the 

 affairs of Spain, Llorente repaired to Bayonne, at 

 Murat's request, and took part in organizing the new 

 institutions of his country, which, however, could 

 not take permanent root, as the clergy saw in them the 

 destruction of their authority. When Joseph Bona- 

 parte entered Madrid, in 1809, he charged Llorente to 

 take possession of the papers of the inquisition, and 

 o f the buildings and archives which were under the 

 superintendence of the general commandant of the 

 place. In 1812, Llorente published an historical 



* A French ultra, Clausel de Coussergues, having pub- 

 licly asserted that the inquisition hail not burned any person 

 since 1680, Llorente, in his Lettre A M. Clausel, &c., sur 

 I' Inquisition d' Kspagne (Paris, 1817), proved, that from 

 the year 1700 to 1808 alone, no less than 1578 persons had 

 perished at the stake by its means! And how long is it 

 since this holy tribunal suffered the body of general Mi- 

 randa, who had died in their dungeons, to be devoured by 

 dogs, and burned a German officer in effigy, because he bad, 

 during the war under Napoleon, translated a book, which, 

 ia Spiin was considered heretical? 



memoir on the inquisition, with the view of freeing 

 the Spanish nation from the charge of having ever 

 been attached to this institution, and to the uutos da 

 fe. Llorente was almoner of king Joseph, who made 

 him, successively, counsellor of state, commander of 

 the royal order of Spain, commissioner-general of the 

 Cruzada. He followed Joseph to Paris after the dis- 

 astrous campaign of the French in Russia, and in 1815 

 had the intention of accompanying him to the United 

 States ; but, remaining to take leave of his family, 

 he was induced to give up the plan. In 1817, he 

 published his history of the inquisition in Spain, in 

 French a work which was soon translated into most 

 European languages, and which has become an histori- 

 cal source. An abridgment lias been published by 

 Leonard Gallois. When the old authorities were 

 restored, he was obliged to flee. Banished from his 

 country, deprived of his property and of his fine 

 library, Llorente lived in France, after the downfall 

 of the French party in Spain, in indigence. But the 

 hatred of the illiberal party arose, at last, to such a 

 height, that the university of Paris forbade him from 

 teaching the Spanish language in the boarding- 

 schools, which had been his only means of support. 

 The rage of his enemies was raised to the highest 

 pitch by the publication of his Portraits politiques des 

 Papes, and the old man was ordered, in the middle 

 of the winter of 1822, to leave Paris in three days, 

 and France in the shortest possible time. He was 

 not allowed to rest one day, and died exhausted, a 

 victim to the persecutions of the nineteenth century, 

 a few days after his arrival in Madrid (Feb. 5, 1823). 

 During his residence in France, he published his 

 Me moires pour servir d I' Histoire de la Revolution 

 d Espagne, avec des Pieces justiftcatives , under the 

 name of R. Nelleto (an anagram of Llorente), in 

 three volumes (Paris, 1815) a work of value, as 

 illustrative of the events of 1808, in Spain. He also 

 wrote a biographical account of himself (Noticia bio- 

 gritfica de Don J. A. Llorente, Paris 1818), and 

 Aforismos Politicos. The Discursos sobre una Con- 

 stitution religiosa was actually written by an Ameri- 

 can, but arranged and edited by Llorente. He also 

 superintended an edition of (Euvres completes de 

 Barthelemy de las Casas, Paris, 1822. 



LLOYD, HENRY, a military officer and eminent 

 writer on tactics, born in Wales, in 1729, was the son 

 of a clergyman, who instructed him in the mathe- 

 matics and classical literature. At the age of 

 seventeen he went abroad, and was present at the 

 battle of Fontenoy. He afterwards travelled in Ger- 

 many ; and having resided some years in Austria, he 

 was appointed aid-de-camp to marshal Lascy. He 

 was gradually promoted, till, in 1760, he was 

 intrusted with the command of a large detachment 

 of cavalry and infantry, destined to observe the move- 

 ments of the Prussians. Lloyd executed this service 

 with great success ; but soon after resigned his com- 

 mission in disgust. He was then employed by the 

 king of Prussia; and during two campaigns, he acted 

 as aid-de-camp to prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. 

 After the peace of Hubertsburg, he travelled, till the 

 occurrence of hostilities between Russia and Tur- 

 key, when he offered his services to Catharine II., 

 who made him a major-general. He distinguished 

 himself in 1774, at the siege of Silistria ; and subse- 

 quently, he had the command of 30,000 men, in the 

 war with Sweden. At length, he left Russia, and 

 travelled in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. He visited 

 general Eliott, at Gibraltar, whence he proceeded to 

 England. Having made a survey of the coasts of 

 the country, he drew up a Memoir on the Invasion 

 and Defence of Great Britain, which was published 

 in 1798. He retired, at length, to I-luy, in the 

 Netherlands, where he died, June 19, 1783. Besides 



