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LOMBARDY LOMENIE DE BRIENNE. 



former Angrivarii, Tubantes, Marsi, and Cherusci. 

 They maintained themselves in these territories till 

 the new Frunkish confederacy, formed of the ancient 

 Cheruscan league, enforced against them the ancient 

 rights of the Cherusci, and, in all probability, drove 

 the Lombards back to their ancient seats on tin- 

 Elbe. For 200 years, we hear nothing more of them, 

 till, at the close of the fifth century, they appeared 

 again on the north side of the Danube, and, after 

 having obtained a part of Pannonia from the Greek 

 emperor Justinian II., aided by the Avari, put an 

 end, under their king Alboin, in 566, to the empire 

 of the Gepidae, in Transylvania. Meeting with little 

 resistance, they conquered, two years after, under the 

 same king, in connexion with 20,000 emigrant 

 Saxons, all Upper Italy (which was now called the 

 kingdom of the Lombards, subsequently Lombardy 

 (see Lombardy), together with a great part of Mid- 

 dle Italy. Their king, Liutprand, an able sovereign, 

 from 713 to 726, extended the Lombard dominion in 

 Middle Italy. But, having become too formidable to 

 the popes, the latter solicited the aid of the Prankish 

 kings, and Charlemagne took the Lombard king 

 Desiderius prisoner, in 774, after a six months' 

 siege, in Pavia, and destroyed the Lombard king- 

 dom. (See Henry Leo's History of Italy, vol. i. 

 (from A. D. 568 to 1125), in the Geschichte der 

 Europaischen Staaten, by Heeren and Uckert (Ham- 

 burg, 1829). A political history of Italy, and of the 

 social condition of the people under the dominion of 

 the Lombards, by C. Troya, of Naples, has been 

 announced. 



LOMBARDY, in the sixth century, when the 

 Lombards had conquered a great part of Italy, com- 

 prehended the whole of Upper Italy. At a later 

 period, the Austrian provinces in Italy (the duchies 

 of Milan and Mantua) have been called Austrian 

 Lombardy. These, with other countries, were formed 

 by Bonaparte into the Cisalpine, then into the Italian 

 republic, and, lastly, in 1805, into the kingdom of 

 Italy, and the name of Lombardy ceased to be used. 

 By the peace of Paris, in 1814, Austria came into 

 possession of much of that part of Upper Italy which 

 had constituted the kingdom of Italy, and in 1815, 

 it formed of its Italian provinces a Lombardo-Vene- 

 tian kingdom. In this are comprehended the terri- 

 tories of the former republic of Venice (with the 

 exception of I stria, and the canton of Civida, which 

 are united to the new kingdom of Illyria), the Aus- 

 trian portion of the duchy of Milan, Mantua, a small 

 part of Parma, Placentia, and the papal territories, 

 and those formerly belonging to Switzerland, viz. the 

 Valteline, Bormio, and Chiavenna. It is hounded 

 by Switzerland, Germany, the Adriatic sea, the Papal 

 States, Modena, Parma, and Sardinia. It contains 

 17,600 square miles, and 4,176,000 inhabitants, 

 among whom are 66,500 Germans, 5600 Jews, and 

 some Greeks. It is watered by the Tagliamento, the 

 Piave, the Brenta, the Adige, the Po, Ticino, Mincio, 

 and Adda. The principal lakes are those of Como, 

 the Lago Maggiore, and the lakes of Iseo and 

 Garda. Its canals are also numerous. The country 

 is, for the most part, level, but towards the north, it 

 is broken by spurs of the Alps, and to the west of 

 Padua, lie the Euganean mountains, mostly of volca- 

 nic origin, and from 1700 to 1800 feet in height. 

 This province is, in most parts, well cultivated, and 

 resembles a garden. The climate is cool in the 

 northern districts, near the Alps ; but is, in the re- 

 maining parts, warm, mild, and healthy, although not 

 free from frosts in winter ; and, on this account, it 

 sometimes happens that the olive, orange, citron, 

 and other tender plants, as well as the vineyards, are 

 injured by the cold, and the rivers frozen. Even the 

 lagoons at Venice are sometimes frozen so hard, that 



you may walk a considerable distance, or even drive 

 carriages upon them. The animals of the country 

 are neat cattle, tolerable horses, sheep with coarse 

 wool, numerous birds, and fish. The silk worm is 

 also raised. Agriculture is the chief dependence 

 of the inhabitants. The soil is fertile, and very 

 productive in maize, and other species of grain, 

 leguminous plants, garden fruits, flax, &c. Lands 

 that are swampy are devoted to the cultivation of 

 rice, of which part is consumed in the country, and 

 part exported to Germany. The production of oil 

 and wine is also much attended to. Besides the 

 fruits above-named, chestnuts, almonds, figs, and 

 many other fruits grow here. A considerable trade 

 is carried on in figs, oranges, and citrons. The 

 mineral kingdom produces iron, copper, marble, salt. 

 There are some mineral waters. Manufactures no 

 longer sustain the rank which they once held : the 

 principal are those of glass, silk, and iron. The pro- 

 duction and manufacture of silk are attended to 

 throughout the country. All kinds of silk stufls, 

 ribbons, hose, and sewing-silk are exported. The 

 manufacture of glass at Venice and Murano was once 

 important, and their mirrors much celebrated ; and, 

 even now, artificial pearls, and glass works of all 

 kinds, are executed in great perfection. The manu- 

 factories of steel and iron are chiefly to be found at 

 Brescia, where many fire-arms, sabres, knives, &c. 

 are made. The manufacture of woollens has much 

 declined. The gold and silver works at Venice and 

 Milan are celebrated ; porcelain, pottery, carpets 

 paper, many articles of luxury, as masks, artificia. 

 flowers, pomatum, confectionary, perfumes, sausages, 

 candied fruits, vermicelli, and parmesan cheese, are 

 also produced. Cremona is noted for violins, flutes, 

 lutes, &c. The exports exceed the imports in value. 

 This country is dependent upon the Austrian govern- 

 ment, but, in April, 1815, the emperor gave it a con- 

 stitution. (See article Constitution.) It is governed 

 by a viceroy, who resides at Milan, and is divided 

 into the governments of Lombardy and Venice. The 

 administration of each is intrusted to a governor and 

 a council, dependent upon the highest authorities at 

 Vienna. The government of Lombardy contains 

 nearly 2,200,000 inhabitants, on 8270 square miles of 

 territory, and its capital is Milan. Venice is the 

 capital of the government of the same name, which 

 contains 2,000,000 inhabitants, upon 9330 square 

 miles. The sub-divisions are called delegations. 

 With the authorities are connected permanent col- 

 leges, composed of individuals from various classes. 

 LOMENIE DE BRIENNE, STEPHEN CHARLES, 

 cardinal, archbishop, and minister of state in France, 

 born at Paris, in 1727, embraced the clerical profes- 

 sion, in which his active spirit, and the powerful 

 influence of his connexions, enabled him to rise 

 rapidly, although his connexion with the freethinkers 

 of the age (D'Alembert, Morellet, &c.) could not 

 have been very agreeable to the court and the clergy. 

 In 1754, he published, with Turgot, Le Conciliateur, 

 ou Lettres d'un Ecclesiastiqite d un Magistral, which 

 was intended to quiet the difficulties then existing 

 between the parliament and clergy, and which was 

 afterwards several times republished by Condorcet, 

 Dupont de Nemours, and others. In 1758, he was 

 at Rome, in the capacity of conclavist of cardinal de 

 Luynes, in the conclave which raised Clement XIII. 

 to the papal throne. In 1760, he was appointed 

 bishop of Condom, and, three years after, received 

 the archbishopric of Toulouse, in which situation he 

 obtained the praise of those who were opposed to the 

 old hierarchical and monkish establishments. While 

 he attempted to reduce the power and wealth of the 

 monasteries, he was liberal in assisting all who were 

 in need ; he caused the Garonne to be united with 



