574 



LOWLANDS LOYOLA. 



have thus fallen into etymological mid other mis- 

 takes, from ignorance of this essential branch of 

 their l:mu;njr. Leibnitz recommemled the study 

 of it as a means of enriching, correcting, and ex- 

 plaining the High German ; and, of late, the scholars 

 of Germany have begun to turn their attention to 

 this idiom. The study of it is essential even to the 

 KiiidNh etymologist, to enable him properly to 

 understand his own language, as far as it is of Teu- 

 tonic origin. J. H. Voss made the attempt to revive 

 this dialect, by several excellent poetical composi- 

 tions in it. The most has been done, however, by 

 Charles F. A. Scheller, who has lately published a 

 series of Low German works, or such as are condu- 

 cive to a knowledge of Low German literature ; 

 among them an edition of Rennrd the Fox ; also the 

 Shigt-B6k der Sfatf Brunswyk, as a supplement to 

 G. G. Leibnitii Scriptorcs flerniii Brunsvigensimn 

 (Brunswick, 1829) ; Der Luien Doctrinal (Bruns- 

 wick, 1825) ; Bucherkunde der Sassisch-Nieder- 

 deutschen Sprache (Literature of the Sassic Low- 

 German Language) Brunswick, 1826). In the pre- 

 face to the Laien Doctrinal, Mr Scheller speaks 

 of having made use of nearly 2000 Sassic writings, 

 for a dictionary of this dialect, which he was prepar- 

 ing. The J'ersuch eines Bremish-Niedersiichsischen 

 fforterbuchs (5 vols., Bremen, 1771) ; the Holstein 

 Idioticon of Schutzel ; the Geschichte der Nieder- 

 Sachsischen Sprache von Johunn Friedrich August 

 Kinder ting (Magdeburg, 1800) ; the 1'ersuch einer 

 plattdeutxchen Sprachlehre mil besonderer Beriick- 

 sichtigung der Mecklenburgischen Mundart von J. 

 Mus&tis (New Strelitz and New Brandenburg, 1829), 

 deserve mention. 



LOWLANDS ; a term applied to the southern 

 parts of Scotland, in contradistinction to the High- 

 lands, which comprise the northern and western 

 parts. See Highlands, and Scotland. 



LOWRY, WILSON, F. R. S., a modern English 

 engraver of eminence, was born at Whitehaven, in 

 January, 1762. After studying medicine for some 

 years, lie devoted himself to engraving. He is the 

 inventor of a ruling machine, possessing the pro- 

 perty of ruling successive lines, either equidistant or 

 in just gradation, from the greatest required width to 

 tlie nearest possible approximation ; also of one 

 capable of drawing lines to a point, and of forming 

 concentric circles. In 1798, he first introduced the 

 use of diamond points for etching an invention 

 highly important, on account of the equality of tone 

 produced by them, as well as of their durability. 

 Many other useful improvements in engraving were 

 also discovered by him, and he was the first person 

 who succeeded in what is technically termed " bit- 

 ing steel in" well. Messrs Longman's edition of 

 doctor Rees ? s Cyclopaedia, which commenced in 1800, 

 for nearly twenty years occupied a considerable por- 

 tion of his time. He also laboured for Wilkins' 

 Vitruvius. and Magna Greecia. Nicholson's Archi- 

 tectural Dictionary, and, lastly, the Encyclopaedia 

 Metropolitana, on which he was employed till his 

 last illness. He died June 23, 1824. His chef- 

 d oeuvre is considered to be an engraving from the 

 Doric portico at Athens, in Nicholson's Architec- 

 ture. He was elected a fellow of the royal society 

 in 1812. 



LOWTH, ROBERT, a distinguished English pre- 

 late, was born at Buriton,in 1710. He received his 

 education at Winchester school, whence he was 

 elected, in 1730, to New college, Oxford, of which 

 he was chosen a fellow in 1734, and, in 1741, was 

 elected professor of poetry in the university of Ox- 

 ford. In 1753, he published his De Sacra Poesi 

 Hebrotorum Prtelectiones Academicae (4to), which 

 lias been translated into English, French, and Ger- 



man. The best edition is that of Ldpsic, 1815, 

 with notes by Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, &c. In 1754, 

 he received the degree of D. D. from the university 

 of Oxford, by diploma, and, in 1755, went to Ire- 

 land, as chaplain to the marquis of Martington, 

 appointed lord lieutenant, who nominated him bishop 

 of Limerick, which preferment he exchanged for a 

 prebend of Durham, and the rectory of Sedgefield. 

 In 1758, was published his Life of William of Wyke- 

 ham (Svo), which, in 1762, was followed by a Short 

 Introduction to the English Grammar. In 1756, a 

 misunderstanding took place between doctors Lowth 

 and Warburton, the latter of whom took offence at 

 certain passages in the Prcrlectiones, concerning the 

 book of Job, which he believed to be aimed at the 

 theory of his Divine Legation of Moses. Warburton, 

 in an Appendix concerning the book of Job, added 

 to the second edition of his Divine Legation, indulged 

 in the acrimony by which he was distinguished, and 

 thereby produced a reply from doctor Lowth, in a 

 Letter to the Right Reverend the Author of the 

 Divine Legation of Moses, which has become 

 memorable at once for the ability and severity of its 

 criticism. The ultimate silence of the Warburtonians 

 gave the victory to their antagonists. In 1766, 

 doctor Lowth was appointed bishop of St David's, 

 whence, in a few months afterwards, lie was trans- 

 lated to the see of Oxford. In 1777, he succeeded 

 to the diocese of London, and the next year pub- 

 lished the last of his literary labours Isaiah, a New 

 Translation, with a preliminary dissertation and 

 notes. Rosenmiiller says he understands and ex- 

 presses the Hebrew poet better than any other 

 writer. On the death of archbishop Cornwallis, the 

 primacy was offered to Dr Lowth, but he declined that 

 dignity, in consequence of his age and family afflic- 

 tions. He died November 3, 1787, aged seventy- 

 seven. 



LOXODROMIC CURVE, or SPIRAL ; the path 

 of a ship, when her course is directed constantly to- 

 wards the same point of the compass, thereby cutting 

 all the meridians at the same angle. See Rhumb 

 Line. 



LOYOLA, IGNATIUS (or, in Spanish, INIGO) DE, 

 a saint of the Roman Catholic church, founder of the 

 society of Jesuits, was born in 1491, in the castle of 

 Loyola, in the Spanish province Guipuscoa, the 

 youngest of the eleven children of a Spanish noble- 

 man. Ignatius spent his youth at the court of Fer- 

 dinand V. (surnamed the Catholic), king of Arragon. 

 Till his 29th year, he served in the army, was distin- 

 guished for bravery, gallantry, and vanity, and made 

 indifferent verses. At the siege of Pampeluna by the 

 French, he was wounded in both legs, one of which, 

 being crooked after the cure, he caused it to be 

 broken again, for the purpose of having it made 

 straight. During the siege, he had shown great 

 valour and firmness, and, when the commander 

 wished to surrender, in consequence of want of pro- 

 visions, he alone opposed it. As soon as the soldiers 

 saw him fall, they surrendered. During his sick- 

 ness, Ignatius beguiled his time with books, and, as 

 there were no romances in the house, he read a 

 Spanish translation of the life of the Saviour, by 

 Landolphus, a Carthusian, and a volume of the Lives 

 of the Saints. His imagination was highly excited 

 by these books. What others had done, as was 

 recorded in those biographies, he thought he might 

 do also, as he afterwards said himself. He deter- 

 mined to live a life of abstinence, penitence, and 

 holiness. The Virgin, he thought, appeared to him, 

 with the holy Infant in her arms, both regarding 

 him with looks of benign complacency and encour- 

 agement. His brother Martin Garcia observed the 

 change which had taken place in him, and endra- 



