

LUBBER LUC AN US. 



and Jesuits.) They conceived the plan of an order 

 for the conversion of heathens and sinners, and, on 

 Ascension day, in 1534, they united for this great 

 \vurk in the subterranean chapel of the abbey of 

 Mnnimartre. Some of these men had not yet finished 

 ilit-ir theological studies, and, until this should take 

 place, Ignatius returned to Spain, They then met 

 again in 1536, at Venice, whence they proceeded to 

 Home, and received the confirmation of their society 

 from pope Paul III. They took the triple vow of 

 chastity, obedience and poverty, in the presence of 

 the papal nuncio Veralli at Venice. (For the history 

 of tiie order, and its final abolition in most countries, 

 see article Jesuits.) The account of the origin of its 

 name, given by Lainez, adopted by the society, and 

 recorded by them upon a marble tablet, is, that Igna- 

 tius, losing his bodily senses, saw himself surrounded 

 with the full splendour of heaven; saw the Father 

 beholding him with an aspect full of love, the Son 

 bearing' his cross, and pointing to the marks of his 

 passion; heard the Father earnestly recommend him 

 to the Son, and heard these words from the lips of the 

 Son, E'o vobis Romee propitius era. Therefore it 

 was, according to Lainez, that he gave his order the 

 name of the Society of Jesus. In 1541, Ignatius was 

 chosen general of the society; but Lainez, his succes- 

 sor, must be considered, even from the commence- 

 ment, as the person who gave to the order the organ- 

 ization, by which it has astonished the world, though 

 Ignatius, by his ardent zeal, may have given it a 

 great impulse. Ignatius continued his abstinence 

 and penances during life. Even when general, he 

 used to perform the meanest labours in his church in 

 Rome, instructed little children, though not master 

 of the Italian, and collected alms for the Jews and 

 public women, for whose conversion he displayed 

 great zeal. He died July 28, 1556, exhausted by 

 fatigues. Forty-three years after, he was declared 

 beatus by Paul V., and Gregory XV. canonized him. 

 His feast in the Catholic church falls upon July 31. 

 There are two works of Loyola, his Constitution of 

 the Order, in Spanish, praised by cardinal Richelieu 

 as a masterpiece; and his Spiritual Exercises, also in 

 Spanish (Rome, 1548), a work, the first plan of 

 which was drawn up in the hospital at Manresa. It 

 has been often translated. Among his biographers, 

 we may mention Maflei, Bouhours and Ribadeneira. 

 Of the miracles attributed to him, at a later period, 

 his contemporary Ribadeneira says nothing, as 

 Bayle remarked. A complete abstract of his life 

 will be found in the Foreign Review, vol. v. No. 

 10. 



LUBBER, a contemptuous name, given by sailors 

 to those who know not the duty of a seaman. 



Lubber's Hole is the vacant space between the 

 head of a lower mast and the edge of the top. It is 

 so termed from a supposition that a lubber, not caring 

 to trust himself up the futtock shrouds, will prefer 

 that way of getting into the top. 



LUBECK, formerly the chief of the Hanseatic 

 towns, at present one of the four free cities of the 

 German confederacy, officially styled the " republic 

 and free Hanseatic city of Lubeck,''' was founded 

 by Adolphus II., count of Holstein-Schaumburg, in 

 1144, who, ten years afterwards, ceded it to Henry 

 the Lion, duke of Saxony. Henry made it a free port 

 for the northern nations, granted it municipal privi- 

 lege's, which were confirmed by several emperors, and 

 gave it the celebrated Lubeck code, which was after- 

 wards adopted by many German cities. In 1226, it 

 became a free city of the empire, and was afterwards 

 at the head of the Hanseatic union (see tiansa); its 

 fleet commanded the Baltic; Gustavus Vasa found 

 refuge within its walls from Christian II.; and its 

 voice decided the aflairs of the kingdoms of the 



North. Lubeck contains 22,000 inhabitants, and is 

 beautifully situated on an island between the Trave 

 and the Warkenitz, on a slight elevation. The 

 ranijiarts now serve as a promenade. The houses 

 are substantially built, of stone, but old-fashioned. 

 Since 1530, the Lutheran doctrines have prevailed. 

 Lubeck was formerly a bishop's see, and the cathe- 

 dral contains many tombs and monuments of anti- 

 quity. The church of St Mary is remarkable for 

 the beautiful altar by Quellino, for its astronomical 

 clock, and the allegorical paintings, called the Dance 

 of Death. There are also a Calvinistic and a Catho 

 lie church. The charitable institutions are in excel- 

 lent condition, as is also the gymnasium of seven 

 classes. A drawing-school for mechanics, a commer- 

 cial institute, a society for the promotion of industry, 

 and other societies and institutions, prove the public 

 spirit of the citizens. Lubeck, which, by its situa- 

 tion, is connected with the North sea and the Baltic, 

 has an important carrying trade between Germany 

 and the countries on the Baltic, and carries on a con- 

 siderable commerce in wine, leather, flax, and corn. 

 It maintains important banking operations with 

 Hamburg, Rostock, Copenhagen and Petersburg. 

 There are also two insurance companies and an 

 exchange; and about 70 80 ships are owned by the 

 citizens. In 1817, above 900 ships arrived at Lubeck; 

 yet commerce and business have much declined. By 

 the Stecknitz, which falls into the Trave above the 

 town, and which is connected, by the Dolwenau, with 

 the Elbe, the latter river is accessible from Lubeck, 

 and much of the merchandise from the Baltic passes 

 by Lubeck for Hamburg. Lubeck has sugar refine- 

 ries, tobacco, leather, starch-works, gold and silver 

 lace, hat, cotton and woollen manufactures, &c. 

 The territory of the town, consisting of Bergedorf 

 and the Vierlands (which belong to Lubeck in com- 

 mon with Hamburg), is 116 miles square, with 

 18,000 inhabitants. To this territory belongs the 

 small town of Travemunde, situated at the mouth of 

 the Trave, with a harbour and baths. When the 

 constitution of the empire was abolished, in 1806, 

 Lubeck, though disconnected from the rest of Ger- 

 many, remained a free Hanseatic city. After the 

 battle of Lubeck (Nov. 6, 1806), Blucher finished his 

 retreat by the capitulation of Ratkau. 9500 Prus- 

 sians and 1500 Swedes were taken prisoners, and 

 Lubeck was pillaged. In 1810, it formed a part of 

 the French department of the mouths of the Elbe. 

 By the congress of Vienna, Lubeck was then declared 

 a free city. The government consists of four burgo- 

 masters and sixteen counsellors. The body of citizens 

 is divided into twelve guilds, each of which has one 

 vote. The revenue is about 400,000 guilders; the 

 debt, 3,000,000. In the German diet, Lubeck has 

 one vote, with the three other free cities; and in the 

 plenum, one vote. The contingent is 406 men. 

 Lubeck is the seat of the supreme court of appeal of 

 the four free cities. 



,UC A GIORDANO (also called Luca Fa Presto). 

 See Giordano. 



LUCANUS, MARCUS ANNJEUS; a Roman poet, 

 born at Corduba, in Spain, about A. D. 38. His 

 father, a Roman knight, was the youngest brother of 

 the philosopher Seneca. Lucan went to Rome when 

 a child, where he was instructed by the ablest mas- 

 ters in philosophy, grammar, and rhetoric. Seneca 

 introduced him into public life. He obtained the 

 dignity of a questor before he was of lawful age, and 

 entered the college of augurs. Having obtained 

 some celebrity by several poems, he excited the 

 jealousy of Nero, who aspired to the reputation of a 

 great poet. The latter, on a certain occasion, had 

 recited a poem upon the history of Niobe, before a 

 numerous assembly, and obtained great applause, 



