578 



LUCERNE LUC1NA. 



coaled his real views, ami persuaded the Poles that 

 he was as ardently engaged for the promotion of their 

 welfare as his own." His work concerning the con- 

 federacy of the Khine, Suite Cause e gli Effetti della 

 Con/ederazione Renana, etc. (Italy, 1819), was pub- 

 lished at Rome, and in a German translation also, 

 by Von Halem, at Leipsic (3 vols, 1821). In the 

 AM della R. Accad. Lucches. di Scienze, Lettcre ed 

 Arti. I. (Lucca, 1821), he contributed a paper on the 

 history of Frederic II. He died at Florence, Octo- 

 ber 19, 1825. He must not be confounded with the 

 marquis Cesare Lucchesini, counsellor of state in 

 Lucca, whose Deir lllustrazione delle Lingue an- 

 tiche e modcmee principalmente dell' Italiana,procu- 

 rata nel Secolo XfHl. dagl' Italian! (Lucca, 1819, 

 2 vols), is a continuation of the work of Denina. He 

 has also published Fragments for the Literary History 

 of Lucca. 



LUCERNE (Luzern) ; a canton of Switzerland, 

 bounded N. by Aarau and Zug, E. by Schweitz, and 

 S. and W. by Berne ; superficial area, 800 square 

 miles ; population, 105,600 Catholics. The eleva- 

 tion of the country is great, but it contains no very 

 lofty summits ; mount Pilate, 7, 100 feet high, is the 

 principal. The soil is generally fruitful, and more 

 corn is produced than is consumed in the canton. 

 Great numbers of cattle are raised, and cheese is 

 therefore among the chief exports. The people are 

 of German origin, and in a very comfortable condi- 

 tion. Lucerne joined the Swiss confederacy in 1332, 

 its constitution is representative, but founded on aris- 

 tocratic principles. The sovereign power resides 

 in the hundred, a senate elected for life by the richer 

 citizens. Two presidents (Schulthelssen) exercise 

 the executive power alternately for a year. Lucerne 

 was one of the eleven cantons in which fundamental 

 changes in the cantonal constitutions were demanded 

 by the people in October, 1830. An account of the 

 movements at that time will be found in the article 

 Switzerland. 



Lucerne, the capital, is on the lake of Lucerne, 

 and the river Reuss. It contains 6,700 inhabitants, 

 and is, alternately with Berne and Zurich, the seat 

 of a papal nuncio. The cathedral contains one of the 

 finest organs in Europe. General Pfyfler's topogra- 

 phical model of a large part of Switzerland, in relief, 

 is to be seen here ; and in the vicinity is a lion, 

 sculptured in relief on a rock (1820), to commemo- 

 rate the massacre of the Swiss guards in the Tuile- 

 ries. The lake of Lucerne is a portion of the large 

 lake of Vierwaldstadtersee. 



LUCIA, ST, or ST ALOUSIE ; one of the Carib- 

 bee islands, in the West Indies, belonging to Great 

 Britain ; twenty-seven miles long, and twelve broad; 

 seven leagues south of Martinico ; Ion. 61 W. ; lat. 

 13 37' N. This island exhibits a variety of hills, 

 and, among others, two that are remarkably round 

 and high, said to be volcanoes. At the bottom of 

 these are plains finely watered with rivers, and very 

 fertile. The air, by the disposition of the hills, 

 which admit the trade-winds into the island, is very 

 healthy. The soil produces timber, cocoa, and 

 fustic, and is well adapted for the cultivation of 

 sugar and coffee. It is provided with many bays 

 and harbours, the chief of which, called Little Care- 

 nage, is accounted the best in all the Caribbees. Po- 

 pulation in 1803, 16,640 ; whites, 1,290 ; people of 

 colour, 1,660 ; slaves, 13,690 : in 1810, 20,000. The 

 town of Carenage contains 5,000 or 6,000 inhabitants, 

 and Castres 3,000 or 4,000. 



LUCIAN, a Greek author, distinguished for his 

 ingenuity and wit, was born in Samosata, the capital 

 of Comagene, on the Euphrates, during the reign of 

 Trajan. He was of humble origin, and was placed, 

 while young, with his uncle, to study statuary ; but 



being unsuccessful in his first attempts, he we nt to 

 Antioch, and devoted himself to literature and ton n- 

 sic rhetoric. He soon, however, confined himself lo 

 the latter, and travelled in several countries (among 

 others, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Gaul) as a rhetori- 

 cian. In the reign of Marcus Aurelius, he was made 

 procurator of the province of Egypt, and died in the 

 reign of Commodus, eighty or ninety years old. The 

 works of Lucian, of which many have come down to 

 us, are narraf've, rhetorical, critical, satirical, mostly 

 in the form of dialogues. The most popular are those 

 in which he ridicules with great wit the popular 

 mythology and the philosophical sects, particularly 

 his Dialogues of the Gods, and of the Dead. They 

 have given him the character of being the wittiest of 

 ancient writers. He seems not to belong to any 

 system himself, but he attacks imposture and super- 

 stition freely and boldly wherever he finds them. 

 The Epicureans, who, in this respect, agree with 

 him, are therefore treated with more forbearance. 

 The Christian religion, of which, however, he 

 knew little, and that only through the medium of 

 mysticism, was an object of his ridicule. In his sar- 

 casm, he not unfrequently oversteps the bounds of 

 truth, sometimes repeats calumnies against elevated 

 characters, and occasionally, according to the notions 

 of our time, oflends against decency, though, in gen- 

 eral, he shows himself a friend of morality. The 

 best editions of his works are by Bourdolet (Paris 

 1615, folio), by Hemsterhuis and Reitz (Amsterdam, 

 1743, 4 vols, 4to), and the Bipont (10 vols, 8vo). 

 Among the English translations are those of Spenc*', 

 Hickes, and Franklin. 



LUCIFER (light-bearer; with the Greeks phos- 

 phorus) a son of Jupiter and Aurora. As leader 

 of the stars, his office, in common with the Hours, 

 was to take care of the steeds and chariot of the 

 sun ; and he is represented riding on a white horse, 

 as the precursor of his mother ; therefore the morn- 

 ing star. He is also the evening star (Hesperus), 

 and in this character has a dark-coloured horse. For 

 this reason riding horses (desultorii) were conse- 

 crated to him, and the Romans gave him the name 

 Desultor. It has long been known, that the evening 

 and morning star are one and the same, viz. the beau- 

 tiful and bright planet Venus. 



The name of Lucifer is also given to the prince of 

 darkness, an allegorical explanation of the fathers of 

 the church making a passage of Isaiah (ix, 22), in 

 which the king of Babylon is compared with tiie 

 morning star, refer to the evil one. 



LUCILIUS, CAIUS ENNIUS, a Roman knight, 

 grand uncle to Pompey the Great, on the maternal 

 side, bom at Suessa (B. C. 149), served his first 

 campaign against Numantia, under Scipio Africanus, 

 with whom he was very intimate. He is considered 

 the inventor of the Roman satire, because he first 

 gave it the form wider which this kind of poetry was 

 carried to perfection by Persius, Horace, and Juve- 

 nal. His satires were superior, indeed, to the rude 

 productions of an Ennius and Pacuvius, but he. in 

 turn, was surpassed by those who followed him. Ho- 

 race compares him to a river which carries along 

 precious dust mixed with useless rubbish. Of thirty 

 satires which he wrote, only some fragments have 

 been preserved in various editions, of which those of 

 Dousa (Leyden, 1597, 4to ; Amsterdam, 1661, 4to; 

 and Padua, 1735) are esteemed the best. In his life- 

 time, these satires had an uncommon popularity. He 

 died at Naples about 103 B. C. 



There was also another Lucilius, who wrote a 

 didactic poem, SEtna, edited by Corallus (Le Clen:\ 

 Amsterdam, 1803. 



LUCINA, a surname of Juno (according to some, 

 of Diana ; according to others, the name of a daugh- 



