LUKE OF LEYPEN LUMP-FISH. 



081 



LUKE OF LEYDEN, one of the founders of 

 modem painting in the North, stands by the side of 

 Durer, Holbein, and Kranach, at the head of the old 

 German school, though, strictly, he does not belong 

 to Germany. He was born at Leyden, 1494, and 

 enjoyed, in early life, the instruction of his father, 

 Hugo Jacob, and afterwards that of Cornelius Engel- 

 brechtsen, an eminent painter, and scholar of Van 

 Eyk. At the early age of nine, he began to engrave, 

 and, in his twelfth year, astonished all judges, by a 

 painting, in water-colours, of St Hubert. In his 

 fifteenth year, he produced several pieces, composed 

 and engraved by himself, among which the Trial of 

 St Anthouy, and the Conversion of St Paul, in 

 regard to composition, characteristic expression, 

 drapery, and management of the graver, are models. 

 After this, he executed many paintings in oil, water- 

 colours, and on glass ; likewise a multitude of engra- 

 vings, which spread his fame widely. He formed, a 

 friendly intimacy with the celebrated John of Mabuse 

 and Albert Durer, who visited him in Leyden. His 

 unremitted application injured his health; and his 

 anxious friends persuaded him to travel through the 

 Netherlands. But his hypochondria was not removed. 

 He imagined himself poisoned by envious painters, 

 and hardly left his bed for almost six years ; during 

 which time he laboured uninterruptedly, and rose to 

 the highest rank in his art. He died in 1533, in his 

 fortieth year. This artist is excellent in almost all 

 parts of his art, though he could not entirely divest 

 himself of the taste which characterized the child- 

 hood of painting. His designs are striking, ingeni- 

 ous, and varied ; his grouping judicious and natural ; 

 character appears in all his figures, particularly in 

 the heads, though this character cannot be called 

 noble. The situations and attitudes of his figures are 

 very various, which is the more remarkable, from the 

 great number of persons often found in his paintings. 

 His drawing is correct, yet not ideal, but fashioned 

 after the models of the country in which he lived. 

 His drapery is, indeed, mostly arranged with truth, 

 but without taste, heavy, and deformed by many small 

 folds. His colouring is pleasing and natural, but the 

 aerial perspective is neglected ; and there is a cer- 

 tain harshness, not to be mistaken, peculiar to that 

 period of the art. Notwithstanding his high finish, 

 he painted easily. His engravings and wood-cuts 

 bear evidence of a most careful and steady manage- 

 ment of the graver. They are very rare, and highly 

 prized, particularly those in which he selected the 

 same subject with Albert Durer, in order to compete 

 with him. The friends often shared their ideas and 

 compositions; but Luke ranks below Durer. The 

 fullest and most beautiful collection of engravings by 

 this master, is in the library at Vienna. His paint- 

 ings are scattered about in many galleries; the 

 principal in Leyden, Vienna, Dresden, Munich, and 

 in the Tribune at Florence. 



LULLY, RAYMOND, a distinguished scholastic of 

 the thirteenth century, author of the method called 

 Ars Lulliana, taught throughout Europe, during the 

 fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, was born 

 in Majorca, in 1235. After having been attached to 

 the gay court of James I. of Arragon, he became 

 filled with pious feelings, and, at the age of thirty, 

 retired to a solitude, and for the purpose of convert- 

 ing infidels, began the study of theology. Encouraged 

 by visions, he undertook the task by studying the 

 Eastern languages, and invented his new method, or 

 Ars demonstrative!, t'eritatis, for the purpose of prov- 

 ing that the mysteries of faith were not contrary 

 to reason. He then visited Rome and France, in the 

 schools of which he taught ; and, while at Mont- 

 pellier, composed his Ars inventiva Veritatis, in 

 which he developes and simplifies his method. Pass- 



ing over into Africa, for the purpose of convincing 

 the Mohammedan doctors of the truth of Christianity, 

 he narrowly escaped with his life ; and, on his return 

 to Europe, wrote his Tabula generalis, a sort of key 

 to his former works, and, in 1298, obtained from 

 Philip the Fair a professorship at Paris. From this 

 period dates the establishment of his doctrine in 

 Europe. H is Ars expositiva and Arbor Scientiae are 

 his other principal works on this subject. A second 

 visit to Africa, for the purpose of converting the dis- 

 ciples of Averroes, resulted in his banishment from 

 that region ; but he returned a third time, and was 

 stoned to death, about 1315. The Lullian method 

 was taught and commented on for several centuries in 

 Europe. The principal commentators are Lefevre- 

 d'Etaples, Alstedius, Sebonde, &c. See Degerando, 

 Histoire compares des Systemes de Philosophic. 



LULLY, JEAN BAPTISTE ; born at Florence, of 

 obscure parents, in 1634. As a child, he exhibited 

 a passionate fondness for music. The chevalier 

 Guise, who had been commissioned by Mile, de Mont- 

 pensier to send her an Italian page, struck with his 

 talent, engaged him, and despatched him to Paris in 

 his tenth year. The lady, however, was so little 

 pleased by his appearance, that she sent him into 

 her kitchen, where he remained some time in the 

 humble capacity of an under-scullion. His musical 

 talent becoming accidentally known to a gentleman 

 about the court, his representations procured him to 

 be placed under a master. He now rose rapidly, till 

 he obtained the appointment of musician to the court. 

 H is performance soon attracted the notice of the king, 

 by whose direction, a new band, called les petits Vio- 

 lons,\vas formed, and Lully placed at the head of it, in 

 1660 ; about which period, he composed the music to 

 the then favourite amusements of the court, called 

 ballets, consisting of dancing, intermixed with sing- 

 ing and recitative. In 1670, Lully was made 

 joint-director of the French opera, established the 

 preceding year, on the plan of that at Venice, which 

 situation he filled till his decease, in 1687. Lully 

 :ontributed much to the improvement of French 

 'imsic, and is said to have been the inventor of the 

 verture. 



LUMBAGO (from lumbus, the loin) ; a rheumatic 

 affection of the muscles about the loins. See 

 RheunMtism. 



LUMPERS ; labourers employed to load and 

 unload a merchant ship when in harbour. 



LUMP-FISH (cyclopterus, Lin.). These fish arc- 

 very remarkable for the manner in which their ven- 

 tral fins are arranged. They are united by a mem- 

 brane so as to form a kind of oval and concave disk. 

 By means of this apparatus, these fish are enabled to 

 adhere with great force to any substance to which 

 they apply themselves. This has been proved by 

 placing one of them in a bucket of water, when it 

 fixed itself so firmly, that, on taking the fish by the 

 tail, the whole vessel and its contents were lifted 

 from the ground, although it held some gallons. 

 (Brit. Zoology.) The largest of the genus is the C. 

 lumpus : this is about nine inches long, and sometimes 

 weighs seven pounds. The back is arched and 

 sharp, of a blackish colour, variegated with brown. 

 I The body is covered with sharp, black tubercles 

 'and on each side, there are three rows of large, bony 

 'scales, and another on the back. The great resort 

 of this species is in the northern seas, about the coast 

 of Greenland. Great numbers of them are devoured 

 by the seals, who swallow all but the skins, quantkies 

 of which, thus emptied, are seen floating about in the 

 spring months, when these fish approach the land 

 for the purpose of spawning. It is said that the spots 

 where the seals carry on their depredations can be 

 readily distinguished by the smoothness of the water 



