LUMP-LAC LUNGS. 



CrunU says that the inhabitants of the barren tracts 

 of Greenland, who are obliged to depend, for the 

 greatest pnrt of their subsistence, on fish, eager- 

 ly avail themselves of the arrival of this species. 

 The roe is remarkably large : when boiled, it forms 

 an exceedingly gross and oily food, of which the 

 Greenlanders are very fond. The flesh is soft and 

 insipid. 



LUMP-LAC. See Coccus, end of the article. 



LUNA (the moon), among the Greeks, 2xvt>, 

 was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra (r<a), and 

 was the same, according to some raythologists, as 

 Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabi- 

 tants of the earth with many superstitious forms and 

 ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and 

 enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an 

 uncontrollable power over the moon, and that they 

 could draw her down from heaven at pleasure, by 

 the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, 

 according to their opinions, proceeded from thence, 

 and, on that account, it was usual to beat drums and 

 cymbals, to ease her labours, and to'render the power 

 of magic less effectual. See Helios. 



LUNAR CAUSTIC. See Nitrate of silver. 



LUNAR YEAR. See Year. 



LUNATICS, in medicine. See Mental Derange- 

 ment. 



Lunatics, in law. See Non Compos. 



LUND, or LUNDEN ; a town in Sweden, pro- 

 vince of Skonen, and government of Malmohus, five 

 miles from the Baltic; Ion. 13 E. ; lat. 55 44' N.; 

 population, 3,224. It is a bishop's see, and contains 

 a university, founded in 1660, by Charles IX., which 

 has fifteen professors, a botanic garden, an anatomi- 

 cal theatre, a cabinet of curiosities, an observatory, 

 and a library of 40,000 volumes. The number of 

 students, in 1827, was 631. 



LUNEBURG ; formerly a principality of Lower 

 Saxony, at present, a province of Hanover, with 

 4325 square miles, and 264,000 inhabitants. The 

 Elbe forms its boundary on the north and north-east. 

 Luneburg is a vast plain of sand, interrupted here 

 and there by deep moors and forests of pine. The 

 marshes on the rivers are, however, wonderfully pro- 

 ductive, but are better fitted for pasture, and the culti- 

 vation of garden vegetables, than for tillage. The 

 rivers of the province flow into the Elbe or the Weser, 

 the high land which divides the basins of those two 

 rivers being the great Luneburg heath. The dykes, 

 which protect the country from the inundations of 

 the Elbe, are enormously expensive. About seven 

 tenths of the whole province are incapable of culti- 

 vation, and corn is not produced in quantities suffi- 

 cient to supply the inhabitants. Flax is extensively 

 raised, and the cattle are numerous and of a good 

 description. Bees are kept on the heaths, and 

 the fisheries in the rivers are important. Salt, wool, 

 linen, bees-wax, and wooden-wares, are the chief ex- 

 ports. The great commercial road from Hamburg 

 to Hanover and Brunswick, runs through the pro- 

 vince, and the towns of Luneburg and Celle carry 

 on a considerable commission business. Luneburg 

 was originally an allodial estate of the house of 

 Brunswick, and gave its name to one of the branches 

 of the family. See Brunswick. 



Luneburg, the capital of the province, is an old 

 town, with about 11,300 inhabitants, situated on the 

 ilmenaii, which is navigable to this place for small 

 vessels. The Kalkberg is a curious gypseous rock, 

 118 feet high, on which are remains of ancient forti- 

 fications, and in the quarries of which is found the 

 rare mineral boracite. The salt springs are capable 

 of yielding 2000 tons of salt a week. The transit 

 trade between Hanover and Brunswick is extensive, 

 a large number of horses being brought to Lune- 



burg annually, and is estimated at 15,000000 rix 

 dollars. 



LUNETTE, in the art of fortification ; a very 

 vague expression, which in its original signification, 

 probably comprised every detached work built in the 

 form of an angle, and consisting of but two faces. 

 It was afterwards used in a more limited sense, to 

 denote, 1. Small, generally irregular, works, with 

 or without flanks, that are placed in the principal 

 ditch, before the ravelins, or other out-works, for 

 the purpose of covering such places of the chief ram- 

 part, as may be seen from the open field, or of de- 

 fending from the side such points as, through a 

 mistake in the original plan of the fortifications, were 

 left unprotected, the guns from the bastions not being 

 able to reach them. 2. Advanced works on or be 

 fore the glacis, sometimes constructed in the form of 

 an angle, sometimes in the form of the bastion. This 

 kind of lunettes, skilfully disposed on the weak 

 fronts of a place, and arranged, in one or two lines, 

 so as to flank one another, may check the approach 

 of the enemy for a considerable time, by obliging him 

 to make his trenches at a greater distance than he 

 would otherwise have done, and subjecting him to 

 losses in the capture of each lunette. Particular 

 attention must be paid to dispose them in such a 

 manner as to render it impossible for the enemy to 

 attack two lunettes at the same time. 



LUNEVILLE ; an open city of Lorraine, depart 

 ment of the Meurthe, in a fruitful plain, with a castle, 

 three churches, and 12,378 inhabitants. In 1735, 

 Stanislaus Leczynski, king of Poland, to whom Lor- 

 raine and Bar had been granted, resided here. Lat. 

 48 35' N. ; Ion. 6 30' E. 



Luneville, Peace of; concluded Feb. 9, 1801, be- 

 tween Austria (also in the name of the German 

 empire) and the French republic, upon the basis of 

 the peace of Campo-Formio. Belgium and the left 

 bank of the Rhine were ceded to France ; Milan and 

 Mantua to the Cisalpine republic ; Venice, and the 

 country as far as the Adige, Istria, and Dalmatia, to 

 Austria. The princes on the left bank of the Rhine 

 were to be indemnified by territories within the em- 

 pire. Austria ceded the Frickthal, and the strip of 

 land between Basle and Zurzach, to France, who, in 

 1802, gave them to Switzerland. Austria ceded 

 Brisgau to the duke of Modena, and consented to 

 the erection of the kingdom of Etruria, for which the 

 grand-duke of Tuscany was to be indemnified in 

 Germany. The valley of the Rhine formed the 

 boundary of France. The navigation of the river 

 was declared free, and remained so until 1804, when 

 toll was imposed for the complete indemnification of 

 several members of the empire. 



LUNGS; the organs of respiration in the mamma- 

 lia (man, quadrupeds, and the cetaceous animals), 

 birds, and reptiles. The lungs are situated in the chest, 

 and are divided into two parts, called lobes. They 

 are enveloped in a delicate and transparent membrane, 

 derived from the pleura, through which they have 

 the appearance of net-work, and are connected with 

 the spine by the pleura, with the neck by the wind- 

 pipe, and with the heart by the roots of the pulmon- 

 ary artery and veins. In their specific gravity, they 

 are the lightest of all the animal organs, even when 

 exhausted of air ; hence their name of lights. To th 

 touch, they are soft, spongy, and elastic. In their 

 internal structure, they are composed of an infinite 

 number of membranous, celled blood-vessels, nerves 

 and lymphatics, all connected by cellular substance. 

 The cells communicate with each other, but have no 

 communication with the cellular substance: small 

 tubes arise from them, which are finally united into 

 one large tube from each lobe ; and these two at 

 length join to form the windpipe. The blood-vessels 



