LUPERCALIA LUSITANIA. 



583 



eallru the pulmonary vessels are destined to distrib- 

 ute the blood through the cells, for the purpose of 

 subjecting it to the action of the air (see Blood, and 

 Heart) while the bronchial vessels are intended to 

 supply the blood which nourishes the lungs. (For 

 the action of these organs in respiration, see Respir- 

 ation.) The cetacea (whales, seals, &c.) breathe by 

 lungs, and are therefore obliged to ascend, at inter- 

 vals, to the surface of the water, to obtain a supply 

 of atmospheric air. The respiratory orifice, in these 

 animals, is not situated at the extremity of the snout, 

 but on the top of the head. In birds, the lungs are 

 smaller than in quadrupeds, but they have air dis- 

 tributed throughout their muscular system and in the 

 cavities of the bones. 

 The lungs afford a means of ascertaining whether a 



: new-born child, which is found dead, was or was not 

 living, when born, a question often of great impor- 

 tance in forensic medicine. The lungs of the infant 

 are placed in water, to see whether they will swim or 

 sink. Before birth, the lungs are dark red, con- 

 tracted into a small place within the cavity of the 

 breast, firm, and specifically heavier than water. 



, They therefore sink in water, whether they are entire 

 or cut into pieces ; and when cut, no air-bubbles 



' come forth, either in or out of the water, nor does 

 much blood appear. But if the babe has lived after 

 birth, and therefore breathed, air has entered the 

 lungs, has thus enlarged the cavity of the chest, and 

 the lungs themselves are expanded, appear of a 

 loose, spongy texture, of a pale red colour, cover the 

 heart, and fill the chest. They then swim in water, 

 as well in connexion with the heart as without it, as 

 well entire as in pieces. If cut, a peculiar sound is 

 audible ; air proceeds from them, and rises, if they 

 are pressed under water, in small bubbles. From the 

 incisions in the lungs, red, and generally foamy blood 

 issues. Against this test, it has been objected 1. 

 that air may be found in the lungs, though the infant 

 never breathed. This could happen, however, only 

 (a) from air having been blown into them ; but, in 

 this case, the chest of the infant is not arched, very 

 little blood is to be found in the lungs, and it is not 

 bright red nor foamy : (6) from putrefaction ; but, in 

 this case, the other parts of the body would also be 

 affected by putrefaction : the lungs are not expanded, 

 pale-red air-bubbles show themselves only on the 

 surface, and not in the interior substance, unless the 

 highest degree of putrefaction has taken place. 2. 

 It is said that the child may have breathed, and 

 therefore lived, without air being found in the lungs. 

 This is not proved, and is at variance with the re- 

 ceived ideas of the manifestation of life. 3. That 

 part of the lungs may swim, another may sink. This 

 can happen only with lungs in a diseased state, and 

 would only prove an attempt of the infant to breathe, 

 without the possibility of living. 4. That a child 

 may have lived without breathing ; but this state of 

 apparent death cannot be called life : life cannot be 

 supposed without breath. If all precautions are 

 taken, all attending circumstances considered, the 

 external appearance of the infant well observed, and 

 the state of the other intestines examined, the fore- 

 going test may be considered as sufficient for the 

 decision of the question, whether a child has lived 

 after birth or not. Another kind of test by means of 

 the lungs has been proposed, which is founded on 

 the proportion of the weight of the whole body to a 

 lung which has breathed, and one which has not ; 

 and still another, which rests on the circumference 

 of the chest before and after breathing has com- 

 menced ; but both are more complicated, trouble- 

 some, and less certain than the former one. 



LUPERCALIA; a yearly festival observed at 

 Rome, the 1 5th of February, in honour of the god 



Pan, surnamed Lupe.-cus (from lupus, wolf, and 

 arceo, to drive away;, the detender from wolves. It 

 was usual first to sacrifice two goats and a dog, and 

 to touch, with the bloody knife, the foreheads of two 

 illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile 

 while they were touched. The blood was wiped 

 away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this, the 

 skins of die victims were cut into thongs, with which 

 whips were made for the youths. With these whips 

 the youths ran about the streets, all naked except the 

 middle, and whipped those they met. Women, in 

 particular, were fond of receiving the lashes, as it 

 was believed that they removed barrenness, and eased 

 the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets 

 of Rome was performed by naked youths, because 

 Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was 

 sacrificed because that deity was supposed to have 

 the feet of goats. A dog was added as necessary 

 for the shepherd. The priests which officiated at the 

 Lupercalia were called Luperci. 



LUPINE ; a genus of leguminous plants, contain- 

 ing about thirty species, which are herbaceous or 

 frutescent, bearing petiolate and usually digitate 

 leaves, and large, handsome flowers, which are dis- 

 posed in a terminal raceme. The lupinus perennis 

 grows wild in sandy places, from Canada to Florida, 

 and bears beautiful blue flowers. It has been culti- 

 vated in Europe for more than 150 years. 



LUPULIN. M. Planche first ascertained that 

 the three active ingredients of the hop, viz. the oil, 

 resin, and bitter principle, reside in the brilliant yel- 

 low grains scattered over the caliciiial scales of the 

 cones, which serve as their envelope. Doctor Ives 

 of New York, and MM. Payen, and Chevalier, have 

 since confirmed this position. This matter, when in- 

 sulated, is of a golden yellow colour, in little grains, 

 without consistence, which attach themselves to the 

 fingers, and render them rough. It has a penetrat- 

 ing aromatic odour : 200 parts of it afforded, 1. water ; 

 2. essential oil j 3. carbonic acid ; 4. subacetate of 

 ammonia ; 5. traces of osmazome ; 6. traces of fatty 

 matter ; 7. gum ; 8. malic acid ; 9. malate of lime ; 

 10. bitter matter, 25 parts ; 11. a well characterized 

 resin, 105 parts ; 12. silica, 8 parts : 13. traces of 

 carbonate, muriate, and sulphate of potash ; 14. car- 

 bonate and phosphate of lime ; 15. oxide of iron and 

 traces of sulphur. The bitter matter, introduced 

 into the stomach, destroys appetite. 



LUSATIA (in German, Lausitz) ; an extensive 

 country, bordering on Bohemia to the south, Meissen 

 to the west, Brandenburg to the north, and bilesia to 

 the east. It was formerly a margraviate, and was 

 divided into Upper and Lower Lusatia, with a su- 

 perficial area of 4250 square miles, the population of 

 which is about 500,000. With the exception of the 

 circle of Kottbus, which had fallen into the hands of 

 the house of Brandenburg in 1550, Lusatia was 

 granted to the elector of Saxony, in 1635. In 1815, 

 all Lower Lusatia (1740 square miles), with a large 

 'part of Upper Lusatia, was ceded to Prussia (in all 

 3200 square miles, with 294,700 inhabitants), mid 

 was annexed to the governments of Frankfort and 

 Liegnitz. The part of Upper Lusatia, which re- 

 mained to Saxony (1050 square miles, with 195,000 

 inhabitants), now forms the circle of that name, com- 

 prising the eastern part of the kingdom ; chief town, 

 Bautzen (q. v.). It is not very fertile, hardly supply- 

 ing half of the consumption of its inhabitants. Flax 

 is raised in all parts, but great quantities are imported 

 for the use of the manufactures. Linen, woollen, and 

 cotton are the principal manufactures. See Saxony 



LUSIAD. See Camoens. 



LUSITANIA ; a part of Spain, whose extent and 

 situation have not been accurately defined by the 

 ancients. According to some descriptions, it ex- 



