588 



LUXOR LUZERNK. 



"ind, at the same time, a member of the Germanic 

 contt-deraiioii, comprising the duchies of Luxemburg 

 uinl of Bouillon, bounded by Liege, the Lower 

 Kliiiif, Namur, and France. The superficial extent 

 is about 2400 square miles, with 293,555 inliabitants. 

 The surface is covered with woods, mountains, and 

 desert heaths, among which, however, are some 

 pleasant valleys and fertile hills. The Ardennes 

 arc the chief mountains. The soil is stony, marshy, 

 and not very productive. The Moselle and the 

 Ourthe are the principal rivers. Agriculture is the 

 chief occupation of the people, but potatoes form the 

 principal food, corn not being raised in sufficient 

 quantities. The forests belonging to the state alone, 

 extend over 117,971 hectares. Cattle are abundant; 

 great flocks of sheep are reared on the plains of 

 the Ardennes j the horses are small, but celebrated 

 for their spirit and activity. The iron mines are 

 extensively wrought, and the slate quarries yield 

 large quantities of roof-slates. The inhabitants are 

 Walloons and Germans, and are in general rude, 

 superstitious, and ignorant. They are of the Roman 

 Catholic religion. Till the late revolution, the king 

 of the Netherlands, as grand duke of Luxemburg, 

 was a member of the Germanic confederation, with 

 one vote in the diet and three in the plenum, and 

 furnished a contingent of 2256 men to the army of 

 the confederacy. The Belgians have laid claim to 

 Luxemburg. (See Netherlands.) As a province of 

 the kingdom of the Netherlands, it sent four mem- 

 bers to the lower house of the states- general. The 

 provincial estates consist of sixty members, named 

 by the three orders, that of the nobles, that of the 

 cities, and that of the country. Luxemburg was 

 erected into a duchy, by the German emperor, in 

 1354, and formed apart of the Austrian Netherlands. 

 In 1815, it was granted to the king of the Nether- 

 lands, by the congress of Vienna, as an indemnifica- 

 tion for his cessions in Germany. (See Nassau.) 

 Luxemburg, the capital, with 11,430 inhabitants, is 

 one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. The 

 upper town is situated on an elevated rock, rising 

 precipitously from a plain, and defended by strong 

 works. Five batteries on the neighbouring heights 

 command all the country round, and particularly 

 the roads from Treves and Thionville. It is one of 

 the four great fortresses reserved by the Germanic 

 confederation, and garrisoned by a large body of 

 German troops. Lat. 49 37' N.; Ion. 6 9' E.; 

 27 leagues S.E. of Liege; 39 S.E. of Brussels. 



LUXOR ; a village of Upper Egypt, on the right 

 bank of the Nile, containing splendid ruins of Thebes, 

 the site of which it occupies. See Thebes. 



LUYNES, CHARLES D'ALBERT, duke de, favourite 

 and premier of Louis XIII. and constable of France, 

 born in 1 578, was descended from a noble Floren- 

 tine family (Alberti), which had been banished from 

 Florence. Having become one of the pages of 

 Henry IV., he was the playmate of the dauphin, 

 whose favour he soon won by consulting all his 

 caprices. When Louis ascended the throne, he 

 appointed Luynes his grand falconer, and marshal 

 D'Ancre, who was all-powerful at court, showing 

 some jealousy of his influence, the favourite soon 

 effected his disgrace. The marshal was assassinated, 

 and Luynes obtained a grant of all his immense 

 estates, and succeeded to all his places and charges 

 (1617). In 1619, his estate of Maille was erected 

 into a duchy, under the title of Luynes. He next 

 supplanted Mary of Medici, mother of the king, 

 whom he caused to be exiled ; and the whole 

 administration was now in his hands. In 1621, 

 the dignity of constable of France was revived for 

 him. Though the feeble king often complained of 

 his cupidity and arrogance, though the whole court 



was intriguing against him, and the nation indig- 

 nantly called for his disgrace, Luynes died in 1621, 

 without having experienced any visible loss of favour 

 or influence. See Louis XIII. 



LUZAC, JOHN ; a distinguished philologian, jurist, 

 and publicist, born at Leyden, in 1746. His parents 

 were French Protestants, who had left France to 

 avoid religious persecutions. After completing his 

 studies, under Valckenaer and Ruhnken, he declined 

 the chair of jurisprudence offered him at Leyden, 

 and that of Greek at Groningen, and went to the 

 Hague to prepare himself for the bar. In 1772, 

 he returned to Leyden, to assist in editing the 

 Leyden Gazette, which was read by all European 

 scholars and statesmen at that time, on account of 

 the valuable character of its materials.* From 

 1775, he had almost the entire direction of that 

 journal. His editorial and professional labours did 

 not prevent him from the assiduous study of ancient 

 literature. He corresponded with the most distin- 

 guished personages of the time, and received the 

 most flattering marks of esteem from Washington, 

 Jefferson, Adams, the emperor Leopold, and Stanis- 

 laus, king of Poland. In the midst of these various 

 occupations, he accepted the Greek chair in the 

 university of Leyden, to the regular duties of which 

 he added private lectures and exercises for deserving 

 students. In 1795, he published an address De 

 Socrate Cive, accompanied with learned and judi- 

 cious notes, and dedicated to John Adams, whose 

 eldest son had studied under his direction. During 

 the revolutionary troubles which succeeded in Hol- 

 land, Luzac, who was no less a friend of order than 

 of liberty, was forbidden to continue his lectures on 

 history (1796), but was permitted to continue his 

 instructions in Greek literature. He refused to 

 accede to this arrangement, and was therefore 

 entirely suspended from his professorial functions. 

 On this occasion, Washington wrote to him, assur- 

 ing him of his esteem, encouraging him to hope for 

 justice when the ferment of the moment should be 

 over, and professing that America was under great 

 obligations to the writings and conduct of men like 

 him. In 1802, he was restored to his former post, 

 with an increase of salary and powers. He con- 

 tinued actively engaged in his literary labours till 

 1807, when he was killed by the explosion of a 

 vessel with gunpowder aboard, in the harbour of 

 Leyden. His Lectiones Atticce, a defence of So- 

 crates (1809), was published by professor Sluiter. 

 His colleague, professor Siegenbeck, has given an 

 account of Luzac, in his history of the catastrophe 

 which caused his death. 



LUZERNE, ANNE CESAR DE LA ; a French diplo- 

 matist, born at Paris, in 1741. After having served 

 in the seven years' war, in which he rose to the rank 

 of colonel, he abandoned the military career, and, 

 turning his views to diplomacy, was sent, in 1776, 

 envoy extraordinary to Bavaria, and distinguished 

 himself in the negotiations which took place in 

 regard to the Bavarian succession. In 1778, he 

 was appointed to succeed Gerard, as minister to the 

 United States, and conducted himself during five 

 years in which he remained there, with a prudence, 

 wisdom, and concern for their interests, that gained 

 him the esteem and affection of the Americans. In 

 1780, when the American army was in the most 

 destitute condition, and the government without 

 resources, he raised money on his own responsi- 

 bility, and without waiting for orders from his court, 

 to relieve the distress. He exerted himself to raise 

 private subscriptions, and placed his own name at 



* Tim Leyden Gazette (Gazette Ac, Leyden} was 

 in 1738, by the uncle and father of John. 



