MACEDONIA MACHINERY. 



601 



MACEDONIA (now Makdonia or Filiba Vila- 

 jeti, a territory containing 15,250 square miles, and 

 700,000 inhabitants) ; the northern part of the penin- 

 sula in Europe, inhabited by the Greeks, a moun- 

 tainous and woody region, the riches of which con- 

 sisted chiefly in mines of gold and silver ; the coasts, 

 however, produced corn, wine, oil, and fruits. It 

 was separated from Tliessaly on the south by the 

 Olympus and the Cambuninn mountains (now 

 Monte di Voluzzo); and on the west, from Epirus, 

 by the Pindus (now Slymphe). In regard to the 

 eastern, northern, and north-western boundaries, we 

 must distinguish between the time before and after 

 Philip, the father of Alexander. Before his time, 

 all the country beyond the Strymon (Strumona), and 

 even the Macedonian peninsula from Amphipolis to 

 Thessalonica, belonged to Thrace ; and Pseonia, 

 likewise, on the north. On the north-west, towards 

 Illyria, it was bounded by lake Lychnitis (Achrida). 

 Philip conquered this peninsula, all the country to 

 the river Ness us (Karasu) and mount Rhodope ; also 

 Pffionia and Illyria, beyond lake Lychnitis. Thus 

 the widest limits of Macedonia were from the JJgean 

 sea to the Ionian, where the Drino formed its boun- 

 dary. The provinces of Macedonia were, in general, 

 known by name even before the time of Herodotus. 

 In the time of Philip, they were nineteen. The 

 Romans divided the country into four districts 

 the eastern on the Strymon and Nessus (chief city, 

 Amphipolis); the peninsula (capital, Thessalonica); 

 the southern, including Thessaly (capital, Pella); and 

 the northern (chief city, Pelagonia). They made 

 Illyria a separate country. Macedonia was inhabited 

 by two different races the Thracians, to whom 

 belonged the Pasonians and Pelagonians, and the 

 Dorians, to whom the Macedonians are shown to 

 have belonged by their language and customs. 

 Pliny speaks of 150 different tribes, who dwelt here 

 at an early period; but we have no particular 

 accounts of them. The Macedonians were a civi- 

 lized people long before the rest of the Greeks, and 

 were, in fact, their instructers; but the Greeks 

 afterwards so far excelled them, that they regarded 

 them as barbarians. They were divided into several 

 small states, which were incessantly at war with the 

 Thracians and Illyrians, till Philip and Alexander 

 gave the ascendency to one of these states, and made 

 it the most powerful in the world. We have no par- 

 ticular account of this state, but it is known to have 

 been a limited monarchy ; to have been tributary, 

 for a long time, to the Illyrians, Thracians, and 

 Persians, and to have been obliged to give up all its 

 harbours to the Athenians. The succession of its 

 kings begins with the Heraclide Caranus, but first 

 becomes important with the accession of Philip (q. v.) 

 That prince, taking advantage of the strength of the 

 country and the warlike disposition of its inhabitants, 

 reduced Greece, which was distracted by intestine 

 broils, in the battle of Ckeronea, B. C. 338. His 

 son, Alexander, subdued Asia, and by an uninter- 

 rupted series of victories, for ten successive years, 

 made Macedonia, in a short time, the mistress of 

 half the world. After his death, this immense 

 empire was divided. Macedonia received anew its 

 ancient limits, and, after several battles, lost its 

 dominion over Greece. The alliance of Philip II. 

 with Carthage, during the second Punic war, gave 

 occasion to this catastrophe. The Romans delayed 

 their revenge for a season ; but, Philip having laid 

 siege to Athens, the Athenians called the Romans to 

 their assistance ; the latter declared war against 

 Macedonia ; Philip was compelled to sue for peace, 

 to surrender his vessels, to reduce his army to 500 

 men, and defray the expenses of the war. Perseus, 

 the successor of Philip, having taken up arms against 



Rome, was totally defeated at Pydna by Paulus 

 ^Emilius, B. C. 168, and the Romans took posses- 

 sion of the country. Indignant at their oppressions, 

 the Macedonian nobility and the whole nation rebel- 

 led under Andriscus. But, after a long struggle, 

 they were overcome by Quintus Caecilius Mace- 

 donicus, the nobility were exiled, and the country 

 became a Roman province, B. C. 148. Macedonia 

 now forms a part of Turkey in Europe, and is 

 inhabited by Wallachians, Turks, Greeks, and Alban- 

 ians. The south-eastern part is under the pacha of 

 Saloniki the northern, under beys or agas, or forms 

 free communities. The capital, Saloniki, the ancient 

 Thessalonica, is a commercial town, and contains 

 70,000 inhabitants. See the History and Antiquities 

 of the Doric Race, translated from the German of 

 C. O. Muller, (Oxford, 1830). 



MACERATION (from macero, to soften by 

 water) consists in the infusion of substances in cold 

 water, in order to extract their virtues. It differs 

 from digestion only as the latter operation admits the 

 application of heat. Maceration is preferable in 

 cases where heat would be injurious, as where 

 volatile and aromatic substances are used. 



MACHAON. See sEsculapius. 



MACHINERY. The utility of machinery, in its 

 application to manufactures, consists in the addition 

 which it makes to human power, the economy of 

 time, and in the conversion of substances apparently 

 worthless into valuable products. The forces derived 

 from wind, from water, and from steam are so many 

 additions to human power, and the total inanimate 

 force thus obtained in Great Britain (including the 

 commercial and manufacturing) has been calculated, 

 by Dupin, to be equivalent to that of 20,000,000 

 labourers. Experiments have shown that the force 

 necessary to move a stone on the smoothed floor of 

 its quarry is nearly two-thirds of its weight ; on a 

 wooden floor, three-fifths ; if soaped, one-sixth ; 

 upon rollers on the quarry floor, one thirty-second ; 

 on wood, one-fortieth. At each increase of know- 

 ledge, and on the contrivance of every new tool, 

 human labour is abridged : the man who contrived 

 rollers quintupled his power over brute matter. 

 The next use of machinery is the economy of time, 

 and this is too apparent to require illustration, and 

 may result either from the increase of force, or from 

 the improvement in the contrivance of tools, or from 

 both united. Instances of the production of valuable 

 substances from worthless materials are constantly 

 occurring in all the arts; and though this may 

 appear to be merely the consequence of scientific 

 knowledge, yet it is evident that science cannot 

 exist, nor could its lessons be made productive by 

 application, without machinery. In the history of 

 every science, we find the improvements of its 

 machinery, the invention of instruments, to con- 

 stitute an important part. The chemist, the astro- 

 nomer, the physician, the husbandman, the painter, 

 the sculptor, is such only by the application of 

 machinery. Applied science in all its forms, and 

 the tine and useful arts, are the triumphs of mind, 

 indeed, but gained through the instrumentality of 

 machinery. The difference between a tool and a 

 machine is not capable of very precise distinction, 

 nor is it necessary, in a popular examination of 

 them, to make any distinction. A tool is usually 

 a more simple machine, and generally used by 

 the hand ; a machine is a complex tool, a collection 

 of tools, and frequently put in action by inanimate 

 force. All machines are intended either to produce 

 power, or merely to transmit power and execute 

 work. Of the class of mechanical agents by which 

 motion is transmitted, the lever, the pulley, the 

 wedge, it has been demonstrated that no power is 



