MACK MACKENZIE. 



603 



obtained by printing from stereotype plates. 2. Those 

 plates are copies obtained (by casting) from moulds 

 formed of plaster of Paris. 3. The moulds are copies 

 obtained by pouring the plaster, in a liquid state, 

 upon the moveable types. 4. The types are copies 

 (by casting) from moulds of copper, called matrices. 

 5. The lower part of the matrices, bearing the im- 

 pressions of the letters or characters are copies (by 

 punching) from steel punches, on which the same 

 characters exist in relief. 6. The cavities in these 

 steel punches, as in the middle of the letters, a, b, &c., 

 are produced from other steel punches in which those 

 parts are in relief. For machinery, in political 

 economy, see Labour-saving Mac/lines. 



Machinery, in poetry. See Poetry. 



MACK, CHARLES, baron von; an Austrian general, 

 born in Franconia, in 1752. On leaving college, his 

 inclination led him to enlist as a private in a regi- 

 ment of dragoons, and his good conduct soon obtained 

 him the rank of a petty officer. In the war with 

 Turkey, he obtained a captain's commission. H is 

 spirit of enterprise procured him the favour of Lau- 

 ,lon, who recommended him to the emperor. On 

 the occurrence of war with France, Mack was ap- 

 pointed quarter-master-general of the army of the 

 prince of Coburg, and directed the operations of the 

 campaign of 1793. In 1797, he succeeded the arch- 

 duke Charles in the command of the army of the 

 Rhine. The following year, he was sent to Naples, 

 then invaded by the French; but, being beaten in 

 the field, and suspected of treason by the Neapolitans, 

 he fled to the French camp, and was sent as a 

 prisoner to Dijon. He found means to justify his 

 conduct in the opinion of the emperor, who, in 1804, 

 constituted general Mack commander-in-chief in the 

 Tyrol, Dalmatia, and Italy. In 1805, Napoleon 

 forced him to retreat beyond the Danube, and to 

 submit to the famous capitulation of Ulm, by which 

 28,000 of the Austrians became prisoners. Mack 

 was permitted to go to Vienna, where he was tried 

 before a military tribunal, and received the sentence 

 of death as a traitor to his country. His doom, how- 

 ever, was commuted by the emperor for imprison- 

 ment; and he was, after a time, released, and died in 

 obscurity, in 1828. 



MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE, a celebrated Scottish 

 lawyer and state officer, was born at Dundee, in 

 1636. His father was Simon Mackenzie of Lochslin, 

 brother of the earl of Seaforth, and his mother Eliza- 

 beth Bruce, daughter of Dr Peter Bruce, principal 

 of St Leonard's college, St Andrews. His progress 

 at school was so rapid, that in his tenth year he was 

 master of all the classical authors usually taught in 

 schools. He afterwards studied Greek and philoso- 

 phy in the universities of St Andrews and Aberdeen, 

 and civil law in that of Bourges in France ; and, in 

 January, 1659, before the termination of his twenty- 

 third year, entered as an advocate at the Scottish 

 bar. 



In 1660, he published his Aretina, or Serious Ro- 

 mance, in which, according to his kind biographer, 

 Ruddiman, he gives "a very bright specimen of his 

 gay and exuberant genius." His talents must have 

 been early observed and appreciated, for in 1661, 

 his third year at the bar, he was selected as one of 

 the counsel of the marquis of Argyie, then tried by a 

 commission of parliament for high treason. On this 

 occasion he acted with so much firmness, and even 

 boldness, as at once established his character. 



The purely literary labours of this eminent person, 

 appear to have been chiefly executed during his 

 earlier years. His Religio Stoici, or a short Dis- 

 course upon several Divine and Moral Subjects, ap- 

 peared in 1663. Two years afterwards, he published 

 his Moral Essay on Solitude, preferring it to public 



employment, with all its appendages, such as fame, 

 command, riches, pleasures, conversation, &c. This 

 production was answered by the celebrated Evelyn, 

 in a Panegyric on Active Life. " It seems singular," 

 says the Edinburgh Review, " that Mackenzie, plung- 

 ed in the harshest labours of ambition, should be the 

 advocate of retirement, and that Evelyn, compara- 

 tively a recluse, should have commended that mode 

 of life which he did not choose." But it is probable 

 that each could write most freshly on circumstances 

 disconnected with the daily events of his life, while 

 speculative ingenuity was all they cared to reach in 

 their arguments. In 1667, Mackenzie published his 

 Moral Gallantry, one of the reflective treatises of the 

 period, intending to prove the gentlemanliness of 

 virtue, and the possibility of establishing all moral 

 duties on principles of honour. To this production 

 he added a Consolation against Calumnies. The 

 fiery course of politics which he had afterwards to 

 run, made a hiatus of considerable extent, in the 

 elegant literary pursuits of Mackenzie ; but after his 

 retirement from public life, he wrote another work 

 which may be classified with those just mentioned 

 The Moral History of Frugality ; nor in this classifi- 

 cation must we omit his Essay on Reason. During 

 his early years at the bar, he also wrote Celias' 

 Country House and Closet, a poem in English epics, 

 and written in a manner more nearly akin to the style 

 of Pope and' his contemporaries, than that which 

 flourished in the author's own time. 



Soon after the Restoration, he was appointed a 

 justice-depute, or assistant to the justiciar or chief 

 justice ; a situation, the duties of which were almost 

 equivalent to that of an English puisne judge of 

 the present day, in criminal matters. Within a 

 few years after this period, (the time is not parti- 

 cularly ascertained.) lie was knighted. In 16U9, he 

 represented the county of Ross, where the influence 

 of his family was extensive, in parliament. During 

 that year, the letter of Charles, proposing the im- 

 mediate consideration of a plan for an incorporating 

 union of the two kingdoms, was read in parliament. 

 Sir George, an enemy to every thing which struck 

 at the individual consequence and hereditary great- 

 ness of the country, in which he held a stake, opposed 

 the proposition. His speech on the occasion is 

 generally understood to be the earliest authentically 

 reported specimen of legislative eloquence in Scot- 

 land. It is compact, clear, accurate, well composed, 

 without flights of ardour, and, therefore, destitute of 

 the burning impetuosity which afterwards distin- 

 guished Fletcher and Belhaven. Sir George sought 

 distinction in his course through parliament by 

 popular measures. In 1669, an act had been passed, 

 compelling merchants to make oath as to their hav- 

 ing paid duties on their merchandise. " The com- 

 missioner had that day said, that the stealing of the 

 king's customs was a crime, which was to be provided 

 against: whereupon, Sir George Mackenzie replied, 

 that if it was a crime, no man could be forced to 

 swear for it ; for by no law under heaven was it ever 

 ordained that a man should swear in what was 

 criminal.'' He opposed the act of forfeiture against 

 the western rebels, insisting that no man ought to be 

 found or proved guilty in absence. He would 

 have gone to the grave with the character of a 

 patriot, had he not been placed in a position where 

 serving a king was more beneficial than serving the 

 people. 



On the 23d of August, 1677, he was named king's 

 advocate, on the dismission of Sir John Nisbet. As 

 the trial of the earl of Argyie in 1661 was the first im- 

 portant political case in which he had tried his powers 

 as a defender, so was that of his son in 1681, the first 

 which exercised his abilities as a state prosecutor. 



