646 



MAMMALIA. 



ORDER I. BIMANA. 



THIS order consists but of one species, MAN, who is 

 placed at the head of the animal kingdom. He has three 

 kinds of teeth; hands on the anterior extremities and feet 

 on the posterior extremities, fitted for progressive motion 

 in an upright posture; hands and feet, furnished with 

 five fingers and five toes, on each of which are flat nails ; 

 two mamma; or breasts. 



Homo Sapient. Man, "knowing himself." Incisory 

 teeth 1 ; canines ! f ; molars J I total 32. Facial angle 

 differing in different nations. (Juvier considers that 

 there are but three distinct varieties of the human race, 

 viz. the Caucasian, Mongolian and Negro; while Blum- 

 enbach, divides them into five, the Caucasian, Mongolian, 

 Ethiopia}), American, and Malayan; the chief difference 

 of each variety depending on the development of the 

 skull, and on the facial angle, and general shape. See 

 Article MAN. 



Variety /. The Caucasian, pi. 52. f. 1., f. 2. coronal 

 surface of (he skull. Face oval ; facial angle 85 degrees; 

 forehead high, expanded ; space between the eyes wide, 

 cheeks coloured with red, hair long, usually of a brown 

 colour. This form predominates in Europe. To which 

 also belong the ancient Greeks; as exhibited in the skull 

 pi. 52 f. 6, where the forehead rises to a great height. 



Variety II. The Mongolian, pi. 52. f. 3- Face flat, 

 broad, copper coloured, withlateral projections of the cheek 

 bones; facial angle 75 degrees; space between the eyes 

 narrow, eyes placed somewhat obliquely ; hair straight, 

 hard ; lips thick ; nose somewhat depressed ; beard thin. 

 This race is spread over Asia, Finland, European Lap- 

 land, and includes the Esquimaux hordes. 



Variety III. The Ethiopian, pi. 52. f. 4. Face round, 

 the upper and lower jaw projecting forward considerably ; 

 nose flat, broad ; lips very thick ; facial angle 70 degrees, 

 skin brownish-black, of different degrees of intensity; 

 Lair woolly, frizzled and black. This race inhabits the 

 middle parts of Africa. Fig. 5 represents the coronal 

 surface of the skull. 



Variety IV. The American, pi. 52. f. 32. Forehead 

 short; cheek bones prominent; nose flattish; facial angle 

 73 degrees; skin mostly tan, varying to reddish copper- 

 colour ; hair straight and coarse, beard thin. This variety 

 comprises the whole aborigines of America, with the 

 exception of the Esquimaux. This skull is that of a 

 North American Indian. Fig. 46 is the skull of a Charib, 

 it represents the most preponderating of the lower lateral 

 and posterior portions of the brain, of any variety of skull 

 known to exist. 



Variety V. The Malayan, pi. 52. f. 33. Face of an 

 obtuse oval ; nose broad ; mouth wide ; facial angle 73 

 degrees; skin varying in colour from mahogany to chests 

 nut and clore brown. This race inhabits India, near the 

 Ganges, with the Islands of the Indian ocean and Poly- 

 nesia. The skull is that of a Siamese. 



ORDER II. QUADRUMANA. 



QUADRUMA NOUS animals have three kinds of teeth; 

 incisors, canines, and molars; all the four extremities are 

 provided with hands, which fit them in an especial 

 manner for climbing trees. The thumb, however, differs 

 from that of man, being not opposible ; pectoral mamma; 

 two or four. Their food consists of fruits, roots and in- 

 sects. 



FAMILY I. SIMI.B. 

 Form approaching that of man ; 2 pectoral mammae, 



Troglodytes niger. Chimpanzee, pi. 53. f. 1. Facial 

 angle 50 ; destitute of cheek pouches, and tail at the base 

 of the spine; arms moderately short; head round, muzzle 

 projecting a little; canines project slightly, destitute of 

 callosities on the hinder parts. 



Pithecut tatyrus. Orang-outang, pi. 53. f. 2. Facial 

 angle 65 without cheek pouches, tail, or callosity at the 

 termination of the spine ; arms long. 



Hylobates $yndactylus. Siamang, pi. 53. f. 9. Facial 

 angle 60" ; arms very long, reaching nearly to the ground, 

 destitute of cheek pouches and tail; some species without 

 callosities. 



Pretbytii mitrula. Capped Monkey. Facial angle 60 ; 



destitute of cheek pouches ; distinct callosities ; arms rench> 

 ing to the knees ; tail long. 



Colobus pulycomus. Full bottomed Monkey, pi. 52. f. 40. 

 Muzzle short, facial angle from 40 to 45 , face naked; 

 provided with cheek pouches; nostrils approximated; 

 tail longer than the body; body and limbs slender, no 

 thumbs on the fore-arms: having callosities. 



Natalis lartatus. Proboscis Monkey, pi. 54, f. 4k 

 Facial angle SO" ; muzzle short; having cheek pouches-, 

 nose greatly produced; body robust; thumbs of fore-arms 

 slender ; tail longer than body ; having callosities. 



Laxwpyga nemea. Done, pi. 52. t. 34. Facial angle 

 varying from 50 to 60 ; muzzle but slightly lengthened ; 

 face naked ; hands longer than the fore-arms; thumbs shore 

 and slender; cheek pouches, but no callosities; tail long. 



Scmnopithccus entellus. Entellus Monkey, pi. 53 t. 4.. 

 Facial angle 45"; head round; nose depressed; cheek 

 pouches ; thumbs very short, remote from fingers, with 

 callosities. Skull of S. muurtm, pi. 52, f. 22. 



Cercopilhecus mona. Varied Monkey, pi. 63. f. 5. Fa- 

 cial angle varying from 45 to 50 ; head round ; thumbs 

 distinct, approximating the fingers; cheek pouches; tail, 

 length of body at least ; callosities, except in one species. 



Cercocebus fuliginosus. White-eyelid Monkey, pi. 53. 

 f. 6. Facial angle 45 ; cheek pouches atid callosities 

 rather large ; fingers long and slender ; tail thick, scarcely 

 tapering and longer than the body. 



Macacus niger. Black Ape, pi. 53. f. 7. Facial angle 

 from 40 to 45" muzzle elongated; canine teeth large and 

 long ; tail not quite a third the length of the body ; form 

 robust. 



Cynocepltalus niger. Black Baboon, pi. 52. f. 35. Fa- 

 cial angle from 30 to 35 ; head and muzzle greatly 

 elongated; nostrils placed on the extremity like the dog; 

 superciliary and occipital ridges much developed; face 

 wrinkled with obliquely longitudinal ribs or striae; cheek 

 pouches; limbs of nearly equal length, strong: callosities 

 large. 



Papio mormon. Rib-nose Baboon, pi. 53- f. 8. Facial 

 angle from 30 to 35 ; muzzle long, truncated ; canines 

 strong; cheek pouches; callosities; tail short. 



AMERICAN MONKEYS. 



Ateles paniscus. The Coaita, pi. 54. f. 36. Facial angle 

 60 ; head round, limbs slender; anterior hands without 

 thumbs; tail very long, powerfully prehensile, point 

 naked. 



Lagothrix Humboldtii. Capparo, pi. 54. f. 37. Facial 

 angle 50 ;muzzle projecting ; tail long, strongly prehensile, 

 callous beneath near its point. 



Mycetes ursinus. Araguato, pi. 54. f. 38. Facial angle 

 30 ; strong canine teeth ; tail long, prehensile, naked on 

 the under side at the extremity, os hyoides ventricose. 



Cebus fatuellus. Horned Sapajou, pi. 53. f. 10. Facial 

 angle 60 ; head round, muzzle short; os hyoides small, 

 thumb long and well formed ; tail long, prehensile. 



Callithrix sciureus. Siamiri, pi. 54. f. 39. Facial angle 

 60 head round, muzzle short; tail long, hairy, not pre- 

 hensile; nails straight. 



Aotes trivirgatus. Douroucouli, pi. 53. f. 11. Facial 

 angle 60 ; head round and large ; muzzle short, tail longer 

 than the body, not prehensile; nails flat. 



Pithecia melanoccphala. Cacajao, pi. 53. f. 12. Facial 

 angle 60" ; head round ; muzzle short ; ears medium size, 

 canines very strong ; tail shorter than body, hairy ; nails 

 claw-like and bent. 



FAMILY OUISTITI. 



Jacchus nulgaris. Striated monkey, pi. 54. f. 52. 

 Head round, muzzle short; occiput prominent; tail longei 

 than the body, quite covered with hair; nails very long, 

 arched and pointed. 



Midas rosalia. Silky Tamarin, pi. 52. f. 41. Facia] 

 angle 50 ; head round ; muzzle short ; forehead extended ; 

 ears large; tail much lengthened, hairy. 



FAMILY II. LEMURS. 



Form approaching quadrupeds; incisory teeth varying 

 in form and number; nostrils placed at the extremity of 

 the muzzle ; first finger of the lower extremities next the 

 thumb, with a sharp turned up nail. 



