654 



MAMMOTH CAVE MAN. 



great quantity of fossil ivory is obtained from Siberia, 

 ami it i> visible, almost everywhere, on the banks of 

 rivers, which undermine the soil. Whole carcasses, 

 covered with flesh and skin, preserved by the eternal 

 frost of those regions, have even been found in the 

 northern parts of Siberia. The bones have been 

 occasionally found in all parts of Europe, and have 



fiven rise to stories of giants. They have been 

 >imd in Kentucky, South Carolina, and other parts 

 of the United States, and Humboldt discovered them 

 on the elevated plain of Quito. A mammoth, in 

 complete preservation, was seen by Adams, a tra- 

 veller in Siberia, who found the skeleton to be nine 

 feet and a half high, and fourteen long, from the 

 tip of the nose to the coccyx. The tusks were nine 

 feet long. The scientific name of this animal is 

 clephas primogenius (Blumenb.), or elephant fossil 

 (Cuv.). It is not to be confounded with the masto- 

 don, a gigantic fossil animal of North America. See 

 Mastodon, and Organic Remains. 



MAMMOTH CAVE; a stupendous cave in Ken- 

 tucky, near Green river, 130 miles south-south-west 

 of Lexington. It has been penetrated nine or ten 

 miles, and has many windings that have not been 

 explored. The depth is sixty or seventy feet. It 

 contains figures, some of which are of immense size 

 and fantastic form ; but is more remarkable for its 

 extent than the variety or beauty of its productions, 

 having none of the beautiful stalactites found in 

 many other caves. The earth is strongly impreg- 

 nated with saltpetre, and large quantities of it are 

 manufactured. 



MAN, in natural history, according to some natur- 

 alists, although, it must be confessed, rather from 

 motives of pride than from anatomical considerations, 

 forms the order bimana, in the class mammalia ; ac- 

 cording to others, and more scientifically, is included 

 in the family bimana, in the order anthropomorpha, 

 which contains, also, the two families of quadrumana, 

 or proper monkeys, and lemurs. The family bimana, 

 according to this classification, contains three genera, 

 man, the orang-outang, and the gibbon. Linnaeus, 

 was the first who ventured to class man (homo, 

 homo sapiens) in a scientific system with other ani- 

 mals ; and he did not escape the censilre of some, as 

 degrading the dignity of the human race by such an 

 approximation; but classification is a mere state- 

 ment of a fact in anatomy, and the philosopher, who 

 observes and interprets nature, is not surely to 

 blame. Man, then, whether considered as the head 

 of the animal creation, and a part of it ; or as a sole 

 genus and sole species, distinct from others, and lord 

 of all; whether defined to be a biped without feathers, 

 or a quadruped without hoofs, a monkey with a 

 voice, or a monkey without a tail if viewed solely 

 in a physical light, and setting aside his divine rea- 

 son, and his immortal nature, is a being provided 

 with two hands, designed for prehension, and having 

 fingers protected by flat nails, and two feet, with 

 single soles, destined for walking ; with a single 

 stomach, and with three kinds of teeth, incisive, 

 canine, and molar. His position is upright, his food 

 both vegetable and animal, his body naked. It has 

 been made a subject of dispute, whether there is 

 more than one species in the human race ; but it is 

 merely a dispute of words ; and if the term species is 

 used in its common scientific sense, it cannot be 

 denied that there is but one species. There are, 

 however, certain and constant differences of stature, 

 physiognomy, colour, nature of the hair, or form of 

 the skull, which have given rise to subdivisions of 

 this species. Blumenbach reduces these varieties to 

 five: 



1. The first variety occupies the central parts of the 

 old continent, namely, Western Asia, Eastern and 



Northern Africa, Hindoostan and Europe. Its char- 

 acters are the colour of the skin, more or less white 

 or brown ; the cheeks tinged with red ; long hair, 

 either brown or fair ; the head almost spherical ; 

 the face oval and narrow ; the features moderately 

 marked, the nose slightly arched ; the mouth small , 

 the front teeth placed perpendicularly in the jaws ; 

 the chin full and round. The regularity of the fea- 

 tures of such a countenance, which is that of the 

 European, causes it to be generally considered (by 

 them at least) as the most agreeable, The Hindoos, 

 the Abyssinians, the Brebers,or inhabitants of mount 

 Atlas, have features not essentially differing from 

 those of the Europeans, except in the colour of the 

 skin, and which, among the Hindoo and Abyssinian 

 mountaineers, is quite fair. Blumenbach calls this 

 variety the Caucasian, from its supposed origin in 

 the Caucasus. In plate LVI., representations will 

 be found of various tribes who belong to this variety. 

 Fig. 1, is a Georgian : fig. 2, an Armenian ; fig. 3, 

 a Tscherkassan ; fig. 4, a Circassian ; fig. 5, a Ca- 

 bardiner ; fig. 6, a Tschetschenzen ; fig. 7, a Cos- 

 sack of the Don ; fig. 8, a Cossack of the Ural ; 

 fig. 9, an Esthonian ; fig. 10, a Moldavian; fig. 11, 

 a Finn ; fig. 12, an Arnaut ; fig. 13, an Arabian ; 

 figs. 14 and 15, Mamelukes ; fig. 16, a Copt. 



2. The second variety has been called the Eastern 

 variety. The colour in this race is yellow ; the hair 

 black, stiff, straight, and rather thin ; the head almost 

 square ; the face large, flat, and depressed ; the fea- 

 tures indistinctly marked ; the nose small and flat ; 

 the cheeks round and prominent ; the chin pointed ; 

 the eyes small. This variety comprises the Asiatics 

 to the east of the Ganges and of mount Beloor, ex 

 cept the Malays. Representations of this variety 

 will be found in plates LVI. and LVII. Plate LVI., 

 fig. 17, is a Turk ; fig. 18, an Egyptian ; fig. 19, a 

 Persian; fig. 20, a Hindoo. Plate LVII., fig. 1, a 

 Yakoute ; lig. 2, an Ostiak ; fig. 3, a Kalmuc ; fig. 

 4, a Kirghises ; fig. 5, a Kasanian ; fig. 6, a Mongol; 

 fig. 7, a Tomsk-Tatar ; figs. 8, 9, and 10, Chinese; 

 figs. 11 and 12, Japanese; figs. 13, 14, 15, and 16, 

 Kamtschadale ; fig. 17, inhabitants of Prince William's 

 Sound ; fig. 18, inhabitant of Nootka Sound. 



3. The American variety resembles that last de 

 scribed in several points. Its principal characters 

 are the copper-colour; stiff, thin, straight, black 

 hair ; low forehead ; eyes sunk ; the nose somewhat 

 projecting ; cheek-bones prominent ; the face large. 

 This variety comprises all the Americans except the 

 Esquimaux. There are several branches, however, 

 which differ considerably. The following are re- 

 presentations of this variety : fig. 19, plate LVII. 

 represents Maxuruna, leader of one of the wild tribes 

 on the frontiers of Peru. Fig. 20, same plate, re- 

 presents Tajadaneega, general of the Mohawks. In 

 plate LVIII., fig. 1. is represented a Samoyede ; figs. 

 2, 3, 4, and 5, Brazilian Bofcokuden ; fig. 6, a Brazilian 

 Camakans ; fig. 7, a Brazilian Puris; and fig. 8, a 

 Brazilian Padachos. 



4. The fourth variety of Blumenbach is called by 

 him the Malay, and described as of a tawny colour ; 

 the hair black, soft, thick, and curled ; the forehead 

 a little projecting ; the nose thick, wide, and flat- 

 tened ; the mouth large ; the upper jaw projecting. 

 This variety comprehends the islanders of the Pacific 

 ocean. Representations of the Malay variety will 

 be found in plate LIX. Figs. 5, a, b, and c, repre- 

 sent Papuas of New Holland ; a was a Papua named 

 Kour-Nou-Bari-Gat ; b, Y-Erran-Gou-la-ga ; c, Qui- 

 re-kine. Fig. 6, represents Tatowirter, a warrior of 

 Nukahiwa ; fig. 7, an inhabitant of Fox island ; figs. 

 8, and 9, New Zealanders ; figs. 10, and 11, inhabi- 

 tants of Oonalashka ; figs. 12, and 13, inhabitants of 

 the Sandwich islands; fig. 14/rammeamea, prince 



