MANCHESTER (TRADE AND MANUFACTURES). 



657 



fruit and vegetables; there is a market in Brown 

 Street, opened in November, 1827, on the removal 

 of the old shambles, in Market Street; the poultry 

 and butter market takes place on Saturdays, in 

 Smithy Door; and in Salford is a new market-house, 

 with a stone front, and commodious arrangements 

 for the sale of butchers' meat, fruit, and vegetables, 

 opened in May, 1827. The municipal buildings in- 

 clude some handsome structures, particularly the 

 town-hall of Manchester, in King Street, a noble 

 edifice, recently erected, designed for the transaction 

 of business, connected with the police of the town 

 and the administration of justice, as well as for 

 public meetings. The town-hall of Salford is in 

 Chapel Street. The New Bailey Prison, or Peniten- 

 tiary, in Stanley Street, Salford, completed and 

 opened for the reception of prisoners in 1790, con- 

 sists of an extensive building, in the centre of a large 

 area, enclosed by very high walls : it is three stories 

 in height, and arranged in the form of a cross; and 

 in front, over the entrance, is the court-room, where 

 the sessions are held, and adjoining are commodious 

 apartments for the magistrates, jurors, and others. 

 At Hulme are cavalry barracks; and in the Regent's 

 Road, barracks for infantry. The churches in Man- 

 chester are numerous, and many of them elegant. 

 The oldest is the venerable collegiate church, origi- 

 nally founded by Thomas Lord de la Warre, in the 

 reign of Henry V., and rebuilt in the reign of Henry 

 VII. There are about fifty places of worship for 

 dissenters of various religious denominations. Among 

 the most important of the charitable foundations in 

 Manchester is the Blue Coat School, established 

 through the munificent bequest of Humphrey Cheet- 

 ham, Esq. To- the same gentleman, the town is 

 indebted for the foundation of a valuable public 

 library. There is a free grammar-school in Long 

 Millgate, which was founded in 1513, by Hugh Old 

 ham, bishop of Exeter, and which is a seminary of 

 considerable importance and great reputation. The 

 other establishments for gratuitous education include 

 the Collegiate Church bchool, Fennel Street; the 

 Deaf and Dumb School, Stanley Street, Salford; St 

 John's School, Gartside Street; the Catholic Free- 

 school, Lloyd Street; the New Jerusalem School, 

 Irwell Street, Salford; the Ladies' Jubilee School, 

 Strangeways Park ; the National School, Granby 

 Row; the National School, Bolton Street, Salford; 

 the Lancasterian School, Marshall Street; and the 

 Infant School, Saville Street, Chorlton Row. There 

 are also a considerable number of Sunday-schools. 

 The establishments for ameliorating the condition 

 of the sick' poor are in extent commensurate with 

 the population and casualties incident to the working 

 class of a great manufacturing town : the Royal 

 General Manchester Infirmary and Dispensary, the 

 first in consequence, was built in 1755; it is now 

 cased with stone. The Lunatic Asylum, which was 

 established in 1765, is also cased with stone, and 

 with the fine sheet of water extending along the 

 entire foreground of the edifices, presents an appear- 

 ance of very considerable beauty. The House of 

 Recovery, or Fever Hospital, has existed since 1796; 

 the Lying-in Hospital was instituted in 1790; the 

 Strangers' Friend Society, in 1791; an Institution 

 for the Cure of Diseases of the Eye, in 1815; the 

 Lock Hospital, in 1819; and the Female Penitentiary, 

 in 1822. The school for the Deaf and Dumb, was 

 established in 1825. There are generally about 

 fifty children of both sexes receiving instruction in 

 this institution. Dispensaries for the relief of the 

 indigent sick, are established in the several adjacent 

 townships. Manchester and Salford are rich in 

 public charities : the annual income of the borough- 

 reeve's charities is 2,392, 18s. Id.; and other 

 iv. 



charities, distributed by various trustees, amount to 

 1,631, 13s. 4rf. One of the effects of these chanties 

 is to diminish the pressure of the poor rates upon 

 the inhabitants. The institutions for the promotion 

 of literature, science, and the fine arts, are the Liter- 

 ary and Philosophical Society of Manchester; the 

 Society for the Promotion of Natural History, with a. 

 museum of considerable value; an Agricultural So- 

 ciety; the Floral and Horticultural Society; the "Royal 

 Botanical Gardens, in the Stretford road, which pre- 

 sent attractions of the most superior order to the 

 scientific and public generally; and the Royal Man- 

 chester Institution, a superb building, in Mosley 

 Street. The last named was erected from a design 

 by Mr Barry, of London, in the Grecian style of 

 architecture. The libraries in Manchester are ex- 

 ceedingly well furnished with works of ancient and 

 modern literature, periodicals, &c.: the principal ot 

 these establishments, after the College library, is 

 the Portico, (in Mosley Street, with a news-room,) 

 a spacious and elegant edifice, of the Ionic order, 

 completed in 1805. The Mechanics' Institute, in 

 Cooper Street, is very flourishing, and, since its com- 

 mencement in 1826, has been progressively increas- 

 ing its members. The New Mechanics' Institute, or 

 Hall of Science, in Pool Street, is an establishment 

 that promises to rival its sister institution. 



The principal places of public amusement con- 

 sist of the Theatre, in Fountain Street, called the 

 Theatre-Royal, erected in 1806; the Queen's Theatre, 

 in Spring Gardens, originally built in 1753 ; the 

 Assembly and Billiard Rooms, in Mosley Street, in 

 1792; and the New Concert Hall, in St Peter's 

 Square. The public baths, at the Infirmary and 

 Lying-in Hospital, at once afford relaxation, and 

 conduce to health. The Races, which were estab- 

 lished in 1730, and held on Kersal Moor, continue 

 for three days, in Whitsun-week: at these periods 

 immense numbers are collected together, and a great 

 portion of the population of Manchester and the 

 surrounding country may be said to be assembled at 

 one place during this annual carnival. 



Trade and Manufactures. About the year 1352, 

 the manufacture of a kind of woollen cloth, made 

 from the fleece in an unprepared state, was intro- 

 duced into Manchester, and from that period till the 

 introduction of cotton, the town distinguished itself 

 by its woollen and linen fabrics. It was not till about 

 1750, that the cotton trade assumed any very high 

 degree of importance. In 1760 manufactured goods, 

 which had, until then, been made only for home con- 

 sumption, found a market on the continents of 

 Europe and America ; and shortly after the picking 

 peg was invented by Mr John Kay. In 1806 the 

 power-loom (originally invented by the Rev. Mr 

 Cartwright), first introduced into Manchester by Mr 

 Grimshaw, was again tried with ultimate success. 

 In 1781, two years before Arkwright's machinery 

 for carding and spinning cotton by steam was intro- 

 duced here, the quantity of cotton wool imported 

 amounted only to 5,198,778 Ibs. ; but the successive 

 inventions of Highs, Hargrave, Arkwright, Crompton 

 and Watt, so astonishingly facilitated the manufac- 

 ture, that its extent has been increased more tli:Mi 

 thirty-fold. In 1800 the quantity of cotton wool 

 imported into this country was 56,010,732 Ibs.; in 

 1810 it amounted to 132,488,935 Ibs.; in 1820 the 

 weight was 144,818,100 Ibs.; in 1823 it had increased 

 to 169,773,600 Ibs.: in 1824 the quantity was 

 136,735,566 Ibs. ; in 1832, 283,000,000 Ibs. ; and 

 the duty in the same year ,690,000. The total 

 quantity of cotton yarn spun in England, in the year 

 1832, was 222,596,907 Ibs. About four-fifths of the 

 whole amount of the cotton trade of the kingdom 

 centres in Lancashire ; and it is calculated that the 



