660 



M ANDOLA MANEGE. 



MANDOLA, or MANDOLINE ; an instrument, 

 the name of which is much more musical than its 

 tones. The Italian name is mandola, mandora. It 

 has four strings, belongs to the lute and guitar 

 species, and is played with a quill as well as with 

 the finger. There are also instruments of this kind 

 with six or more strings, which, therefore, approach 

 nearer to the nature of the lute. It is chiefly in use 

 in Italy, and is pleasing when it accompanies the 

 easy song of the country people. The strings are of 

 steel or brass. 



MANDRAGORA and MANDRAKE; a name 

 given by the ancients to a root which grew cleft into 

 two parts, and resembled the human form. Hence 

 miraculous powers were attributed to it, and the 

 herb it produced was called circaum. According to 

 Josephus (Antiquit., book viii. chap. 2), Solomon 

 had such a plant, which drove away demons. Pliny, 

 in his Natural History (lib. 25. cap. 13) directs how 

 it should be dug up; and Josephus, who called it 

 bararas, states something similar. This root was 

 supposed to have a double sex, and to make prolific ; 

 hence commentators on the Bible have conjectured 

 that it was the fruit which Rachel desired of Leah, 

 according to Genesis xxx. 14. 



MANDSHURES, or MANTCHOOS. Two na- 

 tions, the Mandshures and Tunguses, whose common 

 origin is proved by their traditions, their language, 

 and their physical conformation, belong to the Mand- 

 shure race, which wanders over the vast deserts in 

 the east of Siberia and north of Mongolia. They 

 were known in the earliest times under the name of 

 the Kins, or Niutshes. From A. D. 926 they were 

 tributary to the Khitans, and dwelt to the north of 

 Corea, in Eastern Tartary, as far as to the Eastern 

 sea, and the Amour. In 1114, they revolted under 

 Okota, against the Khitans, and, in 1118, established 

 the kingdom of Kin, in China, which was called 

 from the founder of the dynasty. In 1125, Tai-tsong 

 overthrew the kingdom of the Khitans, in the north 

 of China; he then attacked the Song, who had called 

 him in to their assistance, compelled Wey-tsong to 

 cede to him a part of China, and deprived his suc- 

 cessor of the remainder of northern China, leaving 

 him only the southern part of the country. The 

 Mongols, hitherto vassals of the Kins, revolted under 

 the successor of Tai-tsong, and compelled the latter 

 to cede to them a part of their territory. In 1208, 

 Genghis-Khan refused the payment of tribute; in 1212 

 and 1213, entirely defeated the Kins, threw off the 

 yoke, and made the Kins themselves his tributaries. 

 In 1215, Ning-tsong, sovereign of China, of the 

 dynasty of Song, refused to pay the tribute. In 122 1, 



the Kins were deprived of pait of their territory, by 

 Genghis-Khan. In 150, Oktai continued the war, 

 and reduced the kingdom tinder Gnai-tsong. Aftt'r 

 the expulsion of the Kins from China, they first re- 

 appeared in 155(3 under the name of the Mantchoos. 

 They found reception in Lea-Tong, between Sharra- 

 Mongolia and Corea; but, in 1G16, they invaded 

 China under Tienming, and made extensive con- 

 quests. To increase the confusion, the rebel Li 

 excited an insurrection, attacked the emperor VV'ey- 

 tsong, in 1643, and defeated him. The emperor 

 hanged himself, and thus put an end to the dynasty 

 of Ming, the last family of native princes in China. 

 A reconciliation was now effected with the Mant- 

 choos. Tsonte drove Li out of Pekin, but died in 

 the midst of his conquests, which were completed by 

 his son, in 1644, since which period the Mantchoos 

 have been the sovereigns of China. There are at 

 present no Mantchoos within the Russian territory ; 

 a part of them, when the Russians came to Siberia, 

 left their possessions in East Siberia, extending from 

 lake Baikal to the Mongolian mountains, and along 

 the river Amour, and withdrew to the Amour and 

 China ; those who remained, and submitted to the 

 Russian government, fell under the jurisdiction of 

 China, by the treaty of Nertchinsk, by which Russia 

 gave up all the Amour and the Mantchoos, who 

 were its subjects. The Stanovoikrebet mountains 

 now form the boundary of the country inhabited by 

 the Tunguses, part of whom are tributary to China, 

 part to Russia, and part are independent. 



MANE. See Hair. 



MANEGE, or MANAGE, is used to denote the 

 art of breaking and riding horses, or the place set 

 apart for equestrian exercises. It is borrowed from 

 the French, who derive it from the Italian maneg. 

 gio. Some writers derive it from the Latin, a mcuM 

 agenda. Most horses are, by nature, extremely de- 

 cile, and, when proper means are used with them, 

 they are very well disposed to obey their masters. 

 These ought, therefore, to endeavour, from the com- 

 mencement, to acquire the confidence of the animal, 

 by kind and gentle treatment, and by avoiding all 

 unnecessary severity. Some horses, indeed, are 

 naturally vicious or obstinate, and must be occa- 

 sionally punished ; but the chastisement should be 

 inflicted with judgment and discrimination. Spirit 

 has been sometimes mistaken for vice, and many 

 horses, not naturally vicious, have been rendered so 

 by severity and injudicious treatment. A horse's 

 education may commence between the ages of two 

 and three years, and will greatly facilitate future 

 operations, if he has been housed during the winter. 

 About this age, a halter or cavesson (a noose band) 

 should be put upon the foal, that he may become 

 familiar with it. The groom, too, when he cleans 

 the animal, should lift each of his feet, and strike 

 them gently witli a piece of wood or a hammer, after 

 which he will readily submit to be shod when neces- 

 sary. Next, before feeding, the groom should put a 

 saddle on the back of the foal, and remove it again 

 with great caution. After a while, the girth may 

 be bound over the saddle, and the foal left to stand 

 and feed. Every thing should be taught gradually 

 and gently, to avoid the danger of rendering the 

 animal timid or vicious. The horse should now be 

 made to run at the end of a long rein, held in the 

 hand, a noose-band being put on his nose, and a man 

 following him, if necessary, with a long whip. This 

 exercise should be performed with great gentleness, 

 and but little at a time, that the horse may not be 

 fatigued, stupified, or discouraged. After he has 

 acquired a firm, regular, and determined motion, he 

 may be mounted. Only a trench or snaffle and 

 cavesson should be used at first. The bit and bridle 





