MANEGE---MANESSE. 



661 



should not be introduced till the horse has been 

 taught to carry his head high, and ,.is free in hi 

 motions. A fine carriage is to be given to the horse 

 by bringing 1 his head in such a position as to form a 

 perpendicular line from his forehead to his nose, 

 after which his head should be brought a little more 

 inwards by pulling the inward rein gently and by 

 degrees, and crossing the outward rein a little over, 

 whereby he acquires the most beautiful position, and 

 is better able to go through his exercises. The 

 natural paces of a horse are a walk, a trot, and a 

 gallop, to which some horses, of themselves, add an 

 amble. In a walk, a horse lifts two legs on a side, 

 one after the other, beginning with the hind leg first; 

 in an amble, two legion a side at the same time ; in 

 a trot, two at the same time, and keeps two on the 

 ground crosswise. In galloping straight forward, the 

 horse may lead with either fore leg, but unless the 

 hind leg on the same side follows it, the legs are said 

 to be disunited ; in this pace, all four legs are oft" the 

 ground at the same time. In galloping in a circle, 

 the innermost fore leg should lead, or he is said 

 to gallop false. The canter or hand gallop is 

 not considered as a natural pace : it is an easier gal- 

 lop, in which the hand presses on the bridle, to 

 restrain the speed. When the horse has learned to go 

 forward freely, he should be exercised for some time 

 in the manner above pointed out, first at a walk, and 

 then at a trot. The trot is to render him supple in 

 the shoulders, and to make him go with a free, 

 united, and determined action, for which no pace is 

 so well adapted. A horse light in hand should be 

 put to the extended trot. When he goes freely, he 

 should be brought together by degrees, until he 

 bends his legs, and goes unitedly and equally. If, 

 when kept together, he slackens his pace, push him 

 forward, still keeping him gentiy in hand. If he is 

 heavy in hand, he must be thrown back on his 

 haunches, to shorten his steps and collect his 

 strength. He must not be suffered to sink his neck, 

 and poke out his nose. - When he has been wrought 

 up into a proper position, he should be made still 

 more supple in the shoulders, by the lesson of the 

 epaule en dedans, which is, perhaps, the most im- 

 portant lesson of any. For this purpose, the bend 

 of the neck must be procured in the manner formerly 

 described. When he has been ridden in this posi- 

 tion till he goes with perfect steadiness and freedom, 

 the rider should walk him forwards to the right, and 

 endeavour, almost imperceptibly, to place him so 

 that the hinder feet keep the straight line of a wall, 

 while the fore feet come out about a foot and a half 

 inwards, towards the centre. This must be effected 

 by crossing the outward rein, in the right hand, to- 

 wards the left, a little backwards, which compels the 

 horse to bring the right shoulder forwards, and to 

 cross the inward leg over the outward. The rider 

 should also press his right leg to the horse's side, 

 which brings in his shoulders. The same crossing 

 should afterwards be effected in the hinder legs, by 

 bringing in the fore legs, &c. In every exercise, 

 the rider should avoid all unsettled motion, and 

 wriggling with the legs. Every thing should be ef- 

 fected by the hands only, and the legs should be 

 used only in case of necessity. After the horse has 

 been taught to go freely on this lesson to the right, 

 the rider may change to the left. The horse should 

 be ridden in the same manner across the course, and 

 exercised alternately to the right and left, until he 

 crosses his legs with perfect facility. He may now, 

 perhaps, be taught to back. Whenever the rider 

 stops, he should oack a few paces, and then put the 

 horse forwards by little at a time. In backing, if he 

 attempts to rear, push him out immediately into a full 

 trot. When the horse has been sufficiently practised 



in the epaule en dedans, lie should be made to tra- 

 verse a passage with his head to the wall and with 

 his croup to the wall. The motion of his legs in 

 passaging to the right, is the same with that of the 

 epaule en dedans to the left, and so vice versa, but 

 the head is always bent and turned differently. In 

 the epaule en dedans, the horse looks the contrary 

 way to that wliich he goes; in passaging, he looks 

 the same way as he is going. The directions for 

 executing this lesson are similar to those of the 

 Spaule en dedans. The equilibrium of the rider's 

 body is particularly necessary. Bits should not be 

 used until the previous lessons have been well prac- 

 tised with the trench or snaffle. Horses should be 

 taught to leap by degrees, beginning with small 

 leaps. The rider must keep his body back, raise his 

 liand a little, to help up the fore parts of the horse, 

 and be very attentive to his balance, without raising 

 himself in the saddle, or moving his arms. Horses 

 should first leap standing, then walking, then 

 trotting, then galloping. A low bar, covered with 

 furze, is best to begin with, as it pricks the legs of 

 the horse if he does not raise himself sufficiently, 

 and prevents him from acquiring the dangerous habit 

 of touching. In order to teach horses to stand fire, 

 and to bear the sound of drums and other noises, 

 they should be first accustomed to them in the stable 

 at feeding time. All other things necessary to make a 

 horse steady may be easily taught by good judgment, 

 patience, and gentleness . Of all bad tempers and qua- 

 lities in horses, those which are occasioned by igno- 

 rant riders and harsh treatment, are the most common 

 and the worst. For mounting, &c. see Horsemanship. 



MANELLI, PIETRO ; a comic singer, who, about 

 the year 1750, went at the head of a company of 

 Italian singers to Paris, and gained the public favour 

 by his comic talent. A warm dispute arose between 

 the favourers of the modern Italian music and the old 

 French style. The parties were called bvjfonists and 

 antibuffimists. The chiefs of the parties were G rimm 

 and Rousseau. The Italian music was victorious. 



MANES, among the Romans ; the souls of the 

 dead. The good spirits were also called lares, and 

 the evil larvae. Some regarded them as the good 

 and evil genii, which attend men through life. The 

 manes were reckoned among the infernal gods ; but 

 a belief was prevalent, that they sometimes appeared 

 upon the earth in the form of ghosts, particularly on 

 the 30th of August, 4th of October, and 7th of No- 

 vember ; whence the Romans considered these un- 

 lucky days. The superstitious notion that the spirits 

 of the departed had an important influence on the 

 good or bad fortune of the living, especially of those 

 with whom they had been formerly connected, pro- 

 duced a general fear of them, and made people very 

 cautious of offending them. As they were supposed 

 to persecute those who disturbed their remains, tombs 

 were held sacred, and victims (inferiee) and libations 

 offered to the manes. When it was not known 

 whether a corpse had been buried or not, a cenotaph 

 was erected, and the manes were solemnly invited to 

 rest there, from fear that otherwise they would wan- 

 der about the world, terrifying the living, and seek- 

 ing the body which they had once inhabited. It was 

 also supposed that they delighted in blood ; various 

 animals were, therefore, slain upon the funeral piles, 

 particularly those of which the deceased had been 

 fond during his life, and burned with the body. 



MANES ; founder of the sect of Manichaeans, 

 See Manichees. 



MANESSE, RUDIGER VON ; a native of Zurich, 

 who, in 1336, when the aristocrats of his city, expelled 

 by the burgomaster Bruns, threatened to return with 

 the support of Austria, received the chief command 

 from his fellow-citizens, was victorious, and saved the 



