668 



MANICHEE6-- MANILLA. 



I'uiir.-f of trial, being delivered over, for a time, to 

 the power of malignant aerial spirits, who torment 

 ilit'in in various ways. After this, a fire shall break 

 forth ami consume the world, and the prince and 

 jmw.Ts of darkness shall return to their primitive seats 

 of misery, in winch they shall dwell for ever. Between 

 the-*- seats and the kingdom of light the souls of 

 those not wholly purified keep eternal watch, that 

 both may remain as they were from the beginning. 



With this system of religion, which was contained 

 in the books of Scythianus and Mani's own treatises, 

 letters and apocryphal writings; but, at present, 

 exists only in the fragments found in the ancient 

 authors, especially in St Augustine against the Man- 

 ioliees, the moral system of this sect corresponds. 

 It divides the Manichees into two classes : the elect 

 ore to abstiiin from wine, flesh, and all animal food, 

 marriage and sexual indulgences, from music, the 

 possession of earthly goods, and all luxury, as well 

 as from war, labour, and doing injury to the vegeta- 

 ble world, and even from plucking fruits; are to kill 

 no animals but vermin, and devote their life to pious 

 contemplation. More was allowed the auditors, or 

 more imperfect. By their labour, they had to sup- 

 port themselves and the elect ; in marriage, must 

 abstain from the procreation of children, and place 

 iheir happiness in poverty. The head of all was 

 Maiti, with twelve disciples, among whom Thomas, 

 Buddas, and Acuas, from whom the Manichees were 

 also called Acuanites, deserve mention. The Mani- 

 chasan congregations were superintended by bishops, 

 of whom Mani ordained seventy-two ; by elders and 

 deacons, all from the class of the elect, in which there 

 were also sainted virgins. These ecclesiastics had, 

 however, merely the authority of teachers, the church 

 government being democratically administered by the 

 congregations. Temples, altars, images, victims, 

 and other sensible aids of divine worship, were not 

 allowed : their worship consisted of singing, prayers, 

 the reading of their sacred books, and lectur- 

 ing. The supper they celebrated without wine, and, 

 like the primitive Christians, often delayed baptism 

 to a mature age. Of the fasts and festivals of the 

 Christians, they observed only that which commemo- 

 rated the death of Jesus, and Sunday; the latter, with 

 strict fasting. In. Marcli they celebrated the anni- 

 versary of the death of Mani (Bema), on which day 

 a splendid pulpit, five steps in elevation, was erected 

 in their simple halls of assembly for Mani, present in 

 the spirit. They claimed the title of Christians ; but, 

 notwithstanding the reputation of extraordinary 

 purity of morals, conceded them even by their ene- 

 mies, they had to suffer, after the fourth century, 

 more cruel persecutions than other heretics. Till 

 this time, they had spread with great rapidity from 

 Persia, where they had their origin, through Syria 

 and Asia Minor, to Northern Africa, and even as far 

 as Italy. In Northern Africa, where they had 

 many, though not numerous congregations, with 

 separate bishops, they were exterminated, in the 

 fifth century, by the Vandals ; in the Roman empire, 

 especially in Italy (whither numbers of them had 

 lied from Africa), by the persecutions of Christian 

 emperors and episcopal excommunications. Being 

 finally suppressed in Persia also, they took refuge, 

 after the beginning of the sixth century, partly in 

 the heathen regions of Eastern Asia, where they seem 

 to have had an influence on the formation of La- 

 maism, partly in the obscurity of secret brotherhoods, 

 and appeared, in subsequent centuries, under differ- 

 ent names. The Priscillianists, Paulicians, and 

 Catharists (q. v.) had much in common with the 

 Manichees : their name, was, however, given to 

 heretical sects and societies in the middle ages, as 

 to the Canonici, burnt at Orleans in 1022, frequently 



without reason, and merely to excite the popular 

 hatred. 



MANIFEST is a regular list of a ship's cargo, 

 containing the mark and number of each separate 

 package, the names of the persons by whom the dif- 

 ferent parcels of goods are shipped, and those of the 

 persons to whom they are consigned ; a specification 

 of the quality of the goods contained in each pack- 

 age, as rum, sugar, tea, coffee, &c. ; and also an 

 account of the freight that the captain is to receive 

 from the consignee of such goods, on his arrival, 

 corresponding with the bills of lading which he has 

 already signed. The manifest is usually signed by 

 the ship-broker, who clears the vessel out at the 

 custom-house, and by the captain, and serves as a 

 voucher for the latter, whereby to settle his account 

 with his owners, &c. 



MANIFESTO ; a declaration publicly issued at 

 the commencement of a war, by the contending 

 powers, to show the causes which justify such a 

 measure. The name is taken from the words mani- 

 festum est, &c. (it is manifest), the beginning of 

 these declarations, as they were anciently written 

 in Latin. Manifestoes are in the form of public 

 letters : they commence with a short address to the 

 public in general, and are signed with the name of 

 the sovereign who issues them. Manifestoes on the 

 continent, are usually written in French. They have 

 been in use among all nations, till our own day. In 

 France, where so many old forms have been set 

 aside, the place of manifestoes, during the empire, 

 was supplied by messages from the emperor to the 

 senate, proclamations to the army, and statements in 

 the Moniteur. 



MANILIUS, MARCUS; a Roman poet who flourish- 

 ed, probably, in the Augustan age. The circumstan- 

 ces of his life are unknown. He is less remarkable as 

 a poet than as being the Roman who, in imitation of 

 Aratus, undertook a didactic poem on astronomy. Of 

 this poem, we have but five books. It is entitled Astro- 

 nomica. It is valuable chiefly as a work of science: 

 it contains, however, a few beautiful and splendid 

 passages, particularly in the introductions. The 

 best editions are by Bentley (London, 1739, 4to), 

 Stober (Strasburg, 1767), and Pingre' (Paris, 1786, 

 2 vols.) 



MANILLA ; capital of Lugon, and of all the 

 Spanish possessions in the Philippines ; lat. 14 36 

 N. Ion. 116 16' E. ; population, including the 

 suburbs, about 60,000, of which 3000 are Spaniards, 

 7000 Metis, 4000 Chinese, and the rest natives. 

 (See Malays.) Manilla is beautifully situated at the 

 bottom of a bay, on the west side of the island, and 

 is well fortified. The streets are wide, paved, ami 

 lighted ; the houses generally consist of a basement 

 story of stone, and an upper story of wood, commonly 

 with balconies, and windows of mother of pearl, or 

 some other transparent substance. The principal 

 buildings are the churches and monasteries. The 

 chief manufactures are cigars, and a sort of transpar- 

 ent stuff, which the natives use for clothing. The 

 commerce is very considerable since the port has 

 been opened to foreigners. The chief articles of 

 export are sugar, indigo, cotton, tobacco, rice, honey, 

 pearls, &c.; wine, brandy, cotton, silk, and woollen 

 manufactured articles, cutlery, &c., form the principal 

 imports. In 1818, nine Spanish, five French, ten 

 American, four Portuguese, seventeen British ships, 

 and thirteen Chinese junks, sailed form this port. 

 Provisions are abundant and cheap. The environs 

 are fertile and well cultivated. The climate is hot 

 and damp. Manilla has repeatedly suffered from 

 earthquakes. Those of 1645, 1796, and 1824, were 

 very destructive. A hurricane, in 1824, unroofed 

 most of the houses left standing. In 1762, it was 



