GtiS 



MANNER MANOR. 



dish granular substance, which is the manna ot com- 

 merce. The tree is a native of Italy, and is culti- 

 vated extensively in Sicily. June and July are the 

 two months in which the manna is collected. It is 

 detached from the trees with wooden knives, and is 

 afterwards exposed to the sun for drying. A little 

 rain, or even a thick fog, will often occasion the loss 

 of the collections of a whole day. The taste of 

 manna is sweet, and slightly nauseous. It is a mild 

 purgative, and is principally administered to children. 

 The fraxinus virgata also yields manna, but it can- 

 not be obtained from any other species ofornu*. 



MANNER, in the fine arts, is used in two different 

 meanings : First, it signifies the habitual style of an 

 artist or a school of artists. (See Style.) Secondly, 

 manner (also mannerism) is used as a term of 

 reproach, and designates those qualities of a work of 

 art which do not proceed naturally from the subject 

 treated, but from the individual character of the 

 artist, or the false taste of an age. Such are the 

 studied yet untrue performances of certain actors, 

 the phraseology or conceptions of certain poets, the 

 colouring or composition of certain painters, &c. 

 The two senses of the word are not to be con- 

 founded. A history of mannerism in the fine 

 arts would be both interesting and instructive, a 

 correct view of the aberrations of the human mind 

 in any important particular furnishing a valuable 

 warning for the future. 



MANNERT, CONRAD, a distinguished German 

 scholar, was born at Altcforf ? 1752. He was first 

 teacher at the St Sebaldus-school in Nuremberg, 

 and, in 1788, at the ^Egidian gymnasium there. In 

 1797, he was made professor ordinarius of philosophy 

 at Altdorf ; in 1808, of history at Landshut ; and, in 

 1826, of geography and statistics at Munich. His 

 principal works are, Geographic der Griechen und 

 Earner (10 vols., Nuremberg, 17881825; 2d edit., 

 from vol. i. to vol. iv., 1799 1820) ; Compendium 

 der Teutschen Reichs-Geschichte (ib. 1803 ; 3d edit., 

 1819); Statistik des Teutschen Reichs (Bamberg, 

 1806) ; Die tilteste Geschichte Bojariens und seiner 

 Bewohner (Nuremberg, 1807) ; Kaiser Ludwig If. 

 oder der Baier, eine gekrnote Preisschrift (Landshut, 

 1812) ; Handbuch der alien Geschichte (Berlin, 

 1818) ; Die Geschichte Baierns (2 vols., Leipsic, 

 1826) ; Geschichte der alten Deutschen, besonders 

 der Franken (1829). 



MANNUS ; a hero of the ancient German mytho- 

 logy, the son of Thuiskon, revered, like Hercules, 

 after his death. From him comes the German word 

 Mann, signifying a male endowed with power and 

 courage. 



MANOEL, DON FRANCESCO, the most celebrated 

 lyric poet of modern Portuguese literature, born at 

 Lisbon, 1734, died at Paris, 1819. His talent was 

 first known to foreigners, whom he attended as a Cice- 

 rone, after the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755. His 

 poems are also popular among his countrymen. That 

 on Virtue has been generally admired. His enemies, 

 jealous of his reputation, endeavoured to render his 

 opinions suspicious, for which they found means in 

 his expressions concerning toleration and monks, and 

 in his translation of the Tartuffe of Moliere. Cited 

 before the inquisition, he disarmed (July 4, 1778) the 

 agent of the holy office, and fleJ to Paris, where he 

 ever after continued to reside. He translated Wie- 

 land's Oberon. His poems, under the title of Versos 

 de Filinto Elysio, fill several volumes. His odes and 

 his translation of Lafontaine's Fables are particularly 

 esteemed. 



MANCEUVRE, in military art ; a movement given 

 to a body of troops, according to the rules of tactics, 

 by which it is intended to gain a decisive advantage 

 over au enemy, or to regain advantages which the 



enemy has already won. A manoeuvre may be exe- 

 cuted by large or small masses, according to a pre- 

 concerted plan, or upon the sudden impulse of genius 

 seizing upon a favourable moment : in general it may 

 be said, tliat manoeuvres have become more practi- 

 cable in proportion as armies have grown larger, and 

 discipline stricter. In an ancient battle, after the 

 combat was well kindled, the commander lost, in a 

 great degree, the direction of his troops : in modern 

 battles, he is enabled by manoeuvres to exert a much 

 more controlling influence, though there are still 

 moments when he is obliged to let the battle rage. 

 (See Battle.) To execute effective manoeuvres in the 

 heat of battle, requires great coolness and clear- 

 sightedness in the commander, and thorough training 

 in the troops. A manoeuvre generally is a test of 

 the excellence of the officers of all degrees. 



One of the most important manoeuvres is that of 

 outflanking an enemy, in which the general keeps 

 back part of his line (refuses), whilst the other part 

 strives to turn the wing of the enemy, or to attack it 

 with the assistance of a division particularly appoint- 

 ed to get round it, and thus to throw the enemy 

 into confusion. The invention of this manoeuvre is 

 ascribed to Epaminondas ; he owed to it his victories 

 at Leuctra and Mantinea. Philip, Alexander, Caesar 

 at Pharsalia, Banier at Wittstock, Torstenson at Jan- 

 kowitz, Frederic the Great at Hohenfriedberg and 

 Leuthen, Napoleon, and other generals, owe their 

 most brilliant successes to this manoeuvre. In 

 executing it, the attacking army always receives an 

 oblique direction, and the attack is sometimes made 

 en echelon (q. v.), as at Leuthen. The breaking 

 through the enemy's line (see Line) a chief man- 

 oeuvre in naval warfare is, in land-battles, ope of the 

 boldest and most dangerous. The retreat en echequier 

 (chess-board) is one of the most advantageous, and 

 most fitted to preserve calmness and order among the 

 troops. The change of front during the combat is 

 very dangerous, and rarely succeeds. The issue of a 

 battle, where the other circumstances are nearly equal, 

 depends upon the capacity of the troops for manoeu- 

 vring ; hence manoeuvring in peace with large bodies 

 is very necessary, in which the chief movements of 

 both parties must be laid down beforehand ; but the 

 details ought to be left to the moment, so that the 

 judgment of the officers shall be exercised. In the 

 provinces of Prussia, large bodies of troops are an- 

 nually assembled for this purpose. In 1823, from 

 September 5 to September 20, 40,000 troops were 

 collected for this object near Berlin. Gustavus 

 Adolphus and Charles XII. exercised their troops so 

 well that they were allowed to be the best in Europe ; 

 but Frederic the Great conceived the whole art of war 

 from a new point of view, and from Potsdam, where 

 he superintended the reviews and manoeuvres of his 

 guards, and the garrison of Berlin, it may be said, 

 proceeded the new art of war. There he perfected 

 the movements which were afterwards introduced 

 into the army at large; and generals from all Europe 

 were sent to study his manoeuvres. But, as so often 

 happens with the creations of genius, the application 

 of his plans by inferior men was attended with a 

 pedantic minuteness of detail with which the armies 

 of Europe were embarrassed when the wars of the 

 French revolution took place. The genius of the 

 French generals now reformed the art of war anew ; 

 manoeuvring on a great scale was invented by them. 

 Napoleon developed it still farther, and the rest of 

 Europe learned it from him. 



MANOMETER (Gr. ^aws, rare, and ftir^ov, mea- 

 sure); an instrument to measure or show the altera- 

 tions in the rarity or density of the air. 



MANOR (manerium, from manere, to remain, be- 

 cause the usual residence of the owner) seems to have 



