674 



MAMJTIU8 MAP 



glosses. Many MSS. are found with the Initial let- 

 ters omitted, the writer or copyist and illuminator 

 being distinct persons. We still see traces of 

 this practice in the ornamenting of initial letters in 

 some printed books. See Mabillon, De Re diplo- 

 matics. 



MANUTIUS, ALDUS, or ALDO MANUZIO; 

 an Italian printer of the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 

 turies, celebrated as an artist and a man of letters. 

 lie was Kim at Bassano, in the Roman territory, 

 about 1417, and was educated at Rome and at Fer- 

 rara, where he learned Greek under Baptista Gua- 

 rino. He became tutor to Alberto Pio, prince of 

 Carpi ; and, in 1482, quitted Ferrara, to reside with 

 John Pico, prince of Mirandola. In 1488, he estab- 

 lished himself as a printer at Venice, but the first 

 work which he finished was not published till 1494. 

 In tile course of the ensuing twenty years, he printed 

 the works of the most ancient Latin and Greek 

 authors extant, as well as many productions of his 

 contemporaries, and some treatises of his own com- 

 position. Among the latter are a Latin Grammar ; a 

 Greek Grammar ; a tract on the Metres of Horace, 

 and a Greek Dictionary. He was the inventor of the 

 italic, or cursive character, hence called Aldine, for 

 the exclusive use of which, for a term of years, he 

 obtained a patent from the pope and the senate of 

 Venice. He established a kind of academy at his 

 own house, and delivered lectures on classical liter- 

 ature, to the general study and improvement of which 

 he greatly contributed. He died in April, 1515, 

 leaving four children by his wife, who was the 

 daughter of Andrea d'Asola, a Venetian, in part- 

 aership with whom he carried on his business. 



Manuzio, Paolo, son of the foregoing, was distin- 

 guished as a classic scholar, no less than as a printer. 

 He was born at Venice, in 1512, and was brought 

 up under the care of his maternal grandfather. He 

 received a learned education, and, in 1533, re-opened 

 the printing-office, which had for some time been 

 closed, but did not carry on the establishment en- 

 tirely on his own account, till 1540. He opened an 

 academy for the instruction of young persons in 

 polite literature ; and afterwards made a tour through 

 the cities of Italy, for the purpose of examining the 

 various libraries. - After refusing several offers of 

 professorships at Bologna and elsewhere, he was 

 appointed to superintend the printing-office attached 

 to a newly-founded academy at Venice, where he 

 continued till 1561, when he settled at Rome, on the 

 invitation of pope Pius IV. He was employed to 

 conduct a press for printing the works of the fathers, 

 and other ecclesiastical authors ; and at the same 

 time, kept up his establishment at Venice, whither 

 he returned in 1570. Pope Gregory XIII. induced 

 him, by means of a pension, to take up his abode 

 again at Rome, where he died, in April, 1574. He 

 was the author of Commentaries on the Writings of 

 Cicero; a treatise De Curia Romana ; Proverbs; 

 Letters, &c. 



Manuzio, Aldo, the younger, the son of the 

 preceding, was also a printer. He was born in 

 1547, and was educated by his father, under whom 

 he made an extraordinary progress in literature. 

 In his eleventh year, he produced a Collection of 

 elegant Phrases in the Tuscan and Latin Languages; 

 and other juvenile publications attest his classical 

 acquirements. On his father's removal to Rome, he 

 carried on the printing establishment at Venice, 

 where, in 1577, he was appointed professor of'belles- 

 lettres at the school of the Venetian chancery. In 

 1585, he succeeded Sigonius in the chair of rhetoric 

 at Bologna ; whence he removed to Pisa, to become 

 professor of polite literature, in 1587; and, during his 

 stay there, he received the diploma of doctor of laws, 



and was admiitt'd a member of the Florentine aca<U> 

 my. In 1588, he wAit to Rome, and acceptt d ;i 

 professorship, which had been held by Muretus. He 

 was much favoured by pope Sixtus V.; and Clement 

 VIII. bestowed on him the office of superintendent 

 of the Vatican press. He died in October, 1597, 

 and with him expired the glory of the Aldine press , 

 the valuable library, collected by himself and his 

 predecessors, was sold to liquidate his debts. He 

 was the author of many works, including Commen- 

 taries on Cicero, and Familiar Letters. See Aldine 

 Editions. 



MANZONI, ALESSANDRO, an Italian tragic and 

 lyric poet, of noble birth and elevated sentiments, 

 was born in Milan, and distinguished, while young, 

 by his versi sciolti on the death of Imbonati, and, at 

 a later period, created a new kind of lyrics in his 

 Inni. As a tragic writer, he surpasses any living 

 Italian poet. His tragedies are // Conte di Carma- 

 gnola (Milan, 1820), and Adtlchi (1822) . In both of 

 them, he introduces the chorus. The subject of the 

 first is from Italian wars of the fifteenth century, and 

 has received great applause in Germany (from Goethe) 

 and England, as well as in his own country. A later 

 work is his Betrothed / Promessi Sposi, Storia Mil- 

 anese del Secolo XFII. ( 1827) which has introduced 

 the historical romance into Italy. His opere, com- 

 prising his poems, tragedies, romance, and some 

 miscellaneous prose writings, have been published 

 (in 6 vols., 1829). 



MAP ; a projection, on a plane surface, of the 

 whole or a part of the spherical surface of the earth. 

 The earth being a spheroid, its surface cannot be 

 made to coincide rigorously with a plane; and it 

 therefore becomes necessary to have recourse to a 

 projection, that is, a plan on a plane surface, which 

 indicates the relative positions, dimensions, &c., of 

 the different parts of a spherical surface. (See Pro- 

 jection.) The three principal modes of projection 

 are the orthographic, the stereographic, and tiie cen- 

 tral, distinguished by the different points of view at 

 which the observer is supposed to be placed. In the 

 orthographic projection, the surface of the sphere is 

 represented by a plane, which cuts it through the 

 middle, the eye being placed vertically at an infinite 

 distance from the two hemispheres. In the stereo- 

 graphic projection, the spherical surface is represented 

 on the plane of one of its great circles, the eye being 

 supposed at the pole of that circle. The central pro- 

 jection supposes the point of view at the centre of the 

 sphere, and the surface is thus projected on a plane 

 tangent to it. Each of these kinds of projection is 

 susceptible of different modifications. None of the 

 planispheres traced by the three modes already in- 

 dicated gives a perfect representation of the globe : 

 they alter the figures of countries, either at the centre 

 or on the borders; they present equal spaces under 

 unequal dimensions, &c. To obviate these difficul- 

 ties, the conic and cylindric project ions are sometimes 

 used; the cone and cylinder being curved surfaces, 

 which are capable of being perfectly developed on a 

 plane, and, at the same time, approximating to the 

 nature of a spherical surface. These projections have 

 also been subjected to a great variety of modifications, 

 which we cannot here explain. Other forms of tracing 

 maps, which have not the development of a figurt 

 for their basis, have been recommended : such is the 

 proportional projection, in which the principal condi' 

 tion is to represent, by equal spaces, regions of equal 

 extent. (See Mayer's Introduction to the Art of 

 tracing Maps, in German ; Puissant's Traite de To. 

 pographie.) In the choice of details to be introduced 

 into a map, the author must be guided by the purpose 

 of his delineations, and needs to be directed by expe- 

 rience, learning, and judgment. One map is designed 



