688 



MAIU ANA MARINO. 



nuator of Duiidale's Monaalicon (London, 1699, folio). 

 -Mariana's other writings an>, 1, his tiunous essay De 

 Hfgc t-t liegis Institutione, which exposed the author 

 to 'much inconvenience, and, eleven years nfter its 

 publication, was condemned to be burned by the par- 

 liament of Paris as a revolutionary work, because it 

 maintain* that it is permitted to make way with a 

 tyrant. The original edition of this work has be- 

 come very rare. 2. De Ponderibus et Mensuris. 3. 

 Seven essays, which appeared together in a folio 

 volume, 1609, at Cologne. Mariana dedicated his 

 last years to his scholia on the Old and New Testa- 

 ment, the completion of which his infirmities pre- 

 vented. Yet he caused them to be printed, in 1619, 

 at Madrid. He died in 1623, at Toledo, eighty-seven 

 years old. 



MARIANA, or MARIANNE ISLES. See La- 

 drones. 



MARIE ANTOINETTE. See Antoinette. 



MA III EG AL ANTE ; an island in the West Indies, 

 belonging to France ; lat. 16 N. ; Ion. 65 50' W.; 

 five leagues from Guadaloupe. The chief produc- 

 tions are sugar, coffee, and cotton. Population, 

 11,778 ; 1555 whites, and 9529 slaves. It is a de- 

 pendent of Guadalonpe. Columbus discovered it in 

 1493, and called it from his vessel. The French 

 occupied it in 1697, and have lost it several times. 

 In 1825, it suffered severely from the hurricane which 

 desolated Guadalonpe. 



MARIENBAD (German for Mary's bath) ; a 

 watering-place in the circle of Pilsen, in Bohemia, 

 about thirty miles distant from Carlsbad, in a woody 

 country, ranking with the famous watering-places of 

 1'eplitz, Carlsbad, and Franzensbrunn. The mineral 

 wells, at present so important in a medicinal respect, 

 were little known before 1781. See Heidler, Marien- 

 bad nach eignen bisherigen Beobachtungen und An- 

 sichten drztlich dargestellt (2 vols., Vienna, 1822). 



M ARIENBURG ; a town on the Nogat, with 5000 

 inhabitants, in the Prussian government of Dantzic, 

 province of Western Prussia. This town is famous 

 for the ruins of one of the finest monuments of 

 German architecture' the castle of the Teutonic 

 knights. The first castle was finished in 1276, but 

 it was completely rebuilt from 1306 to 1309. The 

 style was truly elevated, accompanied with a rare 

 lightness and elegance of proportions. The ruins 

 have lately been secured from further decay. Much 

 has been written on them : Jacob's Das Schloss Ma- 

 ricnbnrg (1819) ; professor Biisching's Das Schloss 

 der Deutschen Ritter in Marienburg (Berlin, 1823, 

 4to, with seven engravings); and professor Voigt's 

 Gcschichte Marienburg's, mit Ansichten des Ordens- 

 hanses (Konigsberg, 1824). 



MAR1ETTE, PIERRE JEAN, born at Paris, 1694, 

 died in 1774, was instructed by his father in the art 

 of engraving, and, by his travels in Germany and 

 Italy, rendered himself familiar with the fine arts. In 

 1750, he purchased the post of royal secretary and 

 controleur of the chancery, and devoted himself en- 

 tirely to his collection of engravings. His works are 

 Traits du Cabinet du Roi (1750) ; Lettres a M. de 

 Caylus ; Lettres sur la Fontaine de la Rue de Gre- 

 nelle ; Architecture Francaise ; Descriptions of 

 D'Aguilles's and Crozat's collections, &c. His taste 

 and learning procured him the friendship of Caylus, 

 Barthelemy, and Laborde,by whom he was intrusted 

 with the supervision of the Rccucil des Peintures 

 antiques, from drawings by Pietro Santo Bartoli. 



MARIGNANO, or MELEGNANO ; a town in 

 Italy, three leagues and a half sotith-east of Milan ; 

 rendered famous by the victory of Francis I. over the 

 Swiss and the duke of Milan. See Francis I. 



MARINE. See Navy. 



MARINE LAW. See Com mercia! law. 



M. MUNI, or MARINO, GIAMBATTISTA, stands at 

 the head of a school of Italian poets the Marinisti. 

 (See Italy, division Italian Poetry.) He was born, 

 1569, at Naples. Against the wish of his father, 

 who intended him for the study of the law, he fol- 

 lowed his inclination for poetry. The duke of Bovino 

 took him into his palace, and the prince of Conca, 

 high admiral of the kingdom, into his service. Here 

 he became acquainted with Torquato Tasso, and, in 

 intercourse with him, his powers were developed. 

 At a later period, he found a patron in the cardinal 

 Pietro Aldobrandini at Rome, with whom he went to 

 Turin, where a flattering poem, on the duke of 

 Savoy, entitled 11 Ritratto, procured him a kind 

 reception, an order, the title of the duke's secretary, 

 &c. The envy of his enemies, and his satirical 

 humour, involved him in various disputes. Marga- 

 ret, the divorced wife of Henry IV., had invited him 

 to Paris. After her death, Maria de' Medici became 

 his patroness there. He showed his gratitude in a 

 poem // Tempio for which new rewards were be- 

 stowed upon him. Towards the end of 1622, he 

 returned to Italy, was elected president of the Ac- 

 cademia degli Umoristi at Rome, and, after some 

 time, proceeded to his native place. Here he chose 

 the incomparably beautiful Posilippo for his residence, 

 and hoped to enjoy the fortune he had acquired; but 

 death removed him in 1625. Marini's most famous 

 work, the epic Adone, was first published in Paris, 

 1623, and has been equally praised and blamed, both 

 for its plan and execution. The voluptuousness of 

 many passages has placed it among the prohibited 

 books. The other works of Marini are a narrative 

 poem La Sir age degli Innocenti, and a great collec- 

 tion of miscellaneous poems (published at various 

 times, under the titles of La Lira, and La Zampogna'); 

 also Lettere grave, argute, fucete, and other compo- 

 sitions in prose and verse. Some of his sonnets are 

 among the most perfect in the Italian language. He 

 who has read Marini and there are many who con- 

 demn him without having done this will readily 

 admit that nature endowed him with the gifts of a 

 poet, but ambition made him fail. He was jealous 

 of the laurels of Ariosto and Tasso, and strove after 

 a new distinction, attempted to penetrate deeper into 

 the recesses of the human heart, to enhance the 

 beauty of the beautiful, and to give new zest to 

 voluptuous description ; hence the undue freedom ol 

 his colouring; hence his far-fetched metaphors and 

 forced conceits ; yet, in spite of these, talent, wit, 

 and the power of imparting new charms to common 

 things, cannot be denied him; but the faults of the 

 master became insupportable in his followers, who 

 could imitate indeed his conceits, but could not re- 

 deem them by flashes of genius. 



MARINO, SAN, an Italian republic, in the ancient 

 duchy of Urbino, is the smallest state in Europe. In 

 the fifth century, a stone-mason, named Marino, 

 established himself in a hermitage, on the hill now 

 occupied by the town. His followers were so nu- 

 merous as to constitute an independent community, 

 which received its name from the hermit. Besides 

 the mountain on which the town stands, the republic 

 possesses two adjoining hills, the whole territory 

 covering an extent of about thirty square miles, and 

 comprising, in the capital and four villages, 7000 in- 

 habitants. The territory is industriously and skilfully 

 cultivated, and yields fruits, silk, oil, wine, and corn. 

 The capital is situated on the summit of a mountain, 

 accessible only by one narrow road, and surrounded with 

 walls. The government is in the hands of a senate of 

 300 elders, and an executive council of twenty pa- 

 tricians, twenty burghers, and twenty peasants. Two 

 gonfalonieri, elected quarterly, are at the head of the 

 executive. The laws are collected in a code, called 



