MARSHAL MAKSTON. 



699 



parts of the world, particularly with Italy, Spain, 

 Barbary, and the Levant. In 1826, 82,000 bales of 

 cotton (one quarter of the whole amount imported 

 into France) were carried into Marseilles. Sugar 

 (for its refineries), dye-wood, and other colonial arti- 

 cles, from its imports. In 1824, 5723 vessels, with a 

 burden of 392,996 tons, were entered at this port. 

 The inhabitants are laborious, intelligent, and honest, 

 but quick and ardent ; they are very fond of music, 

 dancing, and shows. Population, 115,943. 



Marseilles was founded, 600 B. C., by a colony of 

 Phocasans, and formed, at an early period, a flourish- 

 ing republic, celebrated for the'wisdom of its insti- 

 tutions. Cicero calls it the Athens of Gaul. Under 

 the domination of the Romans, it continued to rival 

 Alexandria and Constantinople in commerce. Dur- 

 ing the middle ages, it again became a republic, but, 

 in 1251, was reduced by the counts of Provence. In 

 1482, it was annexed to the crown of France. In 

 the revolution, its inhabitants were at first dis- 

 tinguished by their zeal in favour of the new doc- 

 trines ; but, in 1793, it was found on the side of the 

 Girondists. 



MARSHAL (in ancient German, Marschalk] ; 

 derived, according to some, from the ancient German 

 word Mar, a horse of the nobler kind, and SAalfc, 

 originally a servant (though at present a cunning fel- 

 low) ; hence Marschalk, a man appointed to take 

 care of the horses. Marechal, in French, still desig- 

 nates a farrier, though it also denotes a high dignity. 

 As the word came, in the sequel, to designate high 

 officers of state and war, this derivation of the word 

 proved unacceptable to some persons, and it was 

 attempted to derive it from mar, maer, from the 

 Latin major, as in major-domo; but the first de- 

 rivation is the most probable, and it is by no means 

 the only instance in which the names of high digni- 

 ties originated with low employments. A similar 

 instance is the French connetable, from comes stabuli. 

 Marshal signified at first a person intrusted with the 

 charge of twelve horses under the comes stabuli. In 

 France, the title sunk still lower, so as to desig- 

 nate, as we have said, every farrier; but in other 

 parts of Europe, it rose in dignity, as horses were 

 highly valued at courts, so that it came to signify the 

 person appointed to the care of all the horses of a 

 prince ; and, these persons being at length appointed 

 to high commands in the army, and important posts 

 in the state, the title came to signify one of the 

 highest officers of the court. The marshal of the 

 German empire derived his origin from the Prankish 

 monarchs, and was equivalent to the comes stabuli or 

 connetable. He was bound to keep order at the 

 coronation of the emperor, and to provide lodgings 

 for the persons connected witli the ceremony. He 

 was called arch-marshal, a dignity belonging to the 

 electorate of Saxony. At the coronation it was his 

 duty to bring oats, in a silver vessel, from a heap in 

 the open market-place, and to present the vessel to 

 the emperor. His duties were discharged by a 

 hereditary marshal (Erbmarschalf). In France, 

 marechal de France is the highest military honour : 

 marechal de camp is equal to major-general, in 

 Austria to field-marshal. In Prussia, general-field- 

 marshal is the highest military honour. In England, 

 field-marshal means the commander-in-chief of all 

 the forces. It is also given as an honorary rank to 

 general officers who have no immediate command. 

 Marshal was, and in many countries of Germany is, 

 the title of the president of the diet of the estates. 

 His office is sometimes hereditary. Marshal also 

 signifies a person who regulates the ceremonies on 

 certain solemn celebrations. Marshal is also used 

 for some inferior officers in England. The marshal 

 of the king's bench has the custody of the prison 



called the King's bench. He attends on the court of 

 the same name, and takes into custody all prisoners 

 committed by it. 



Marshal, Earl. See Earl Marshal. 



Marshal, Provost. See Provost Marshal. 



MARSHAM, SIR JOHN, a learned writer on an- 

 cient history and chronology, born in 1602, in London, 

 was educated at Oxford, and entered as a student 

 of the law at the Middle Temple. In 1038, he was 

 made one of the six clerks in chancery, which place 

 he lost ; and suffered in his estate for his attachment 

 to royalty during the civil wars. At the restoration 

 of Charles II., he recovered his office, was knighted, 

 and became a member of parliament. Three years 

 after he obtained a baronetcy. He died in 1685. 

 His Canon Chronicus SEgyptiacus, Ebraicus, Greecus 

 (London, 1672, folio), displayed much erudition and 

 some ingenuity. He also published a work on the 

 difficulties in the chronology of the Old Testament, 

 and wrote the preface to the first volume of Dugdale's 

 Monasticon. 



MA RSI ; 1. a tribe in Samnium, on the northern 

 bank of the lacus Fucinus, in the present Abruzzo 

 ulteriore. They had the same language with the 

 Sabines. They distinguished themselves in the social 

 war, which, from them, is also called the Marsian 

 war. 



2. A German tribe belonging to the Istsevones, a 

 member of the Cheruscan league. (See Cherus- 

 cans.) They pressed forward after the defeat of 

 Varus, and settled chiefly on the banks of the Lippe, 

 but retreated during the succeeding wars with the 

 Romans. 



MARSIGLI, LODOVICO FERNANDO, count of, was 

 born in 1658, jf an illustrious family at Bologna, 

 and, after having received a good education, went to 

 Constantinople in 1679, with the Venetian ambas- 

 sador. On his return, he entered into the iinperi; 

 service, and was employed as an engineer in the war 

 with Turkey, lie was taken prisoner at the passage of 

 the Raab, and sent as a slave to Bosnia. On obtain- 

 ing his liberty, he was again employed, and, having 

 been made a colonel of infantry, was sent, with his 

 regiment, to garrison the fortress of Brisac ; and, 

 that place being taken by the French in 1702, was 

 accused of misconduct, and ignominiously dismissed 

 from the Austrian service. Retiring to Switzerland, 

 he published a justificatory memoir, and afterwards 

 took up his residence at Cassis, near Marseilles, 

 where he occupied himself with the study of marine 

 botany, and other scientific pursuits. In 1709, pope 

 Clement XI. made him commander of his troops; 

 but he soon relinquished this office, and retired to 

 his native place, where, in 1712, he founded the in- 

 stitute of Bologna. He afterwards travelled in 

 England and Holland, and, in 1725, published, at 

 Amsterdam, his Histoire Physique de la Mer (fol.); 

 and, in 1726, his most valuable work, the Danubius 

 Pannonico-Mysicus (6 vols., fol.), containing the 

 natural history of the Danube, in its course through 

 Hungary and Turkey. He died at Bologna in 1730, 

 at the age of seventy-two. 



MARSTON, JOHN; an English dramatic author, 

 who lived in the reign of James I., was educated at 

 Corpus-Christi college, Oxford, and was entered ut 

 the Middle Temple, of which society he became 

 lecturer; but little more of his personal history is 

 known, except that he was at one time upon terms 

 of friendship with Ben Jonson. He was the author 

 of eight plays, all acted at the Black Friars, with 

 applause. Six of these were printed in one volume, 

 in 1633, and dedicated to the viscountess Falkland. 

 He also wrote three books of satires, entitled the 

 Scourge of Viltany (1599), reprinted in 1764. 



MARSTON MOOR in Yorkshire England; 



