MARTHA SANTA MARTIN. 



701 



" that I became acquainted with your character. 

 Our soldiers, when they were wounded, and far from 

 their country, used to exclaim, ' Oh, whpre is Sister 

 Martha ? If she were here, we should suffer less.' " 

 After the confederated sovereigns obtained posses- 

 sion of Paris, they were desirous of seeing this admir- 

 able woman, and did not forget to reward her virtues. 

 The emperor of Russia give her a gold medal, and 

 a sum of money; the emperor of Austria, the cross 

 of civil merit, and 2000 francs ; and the king of 

 Prussia, a gold medal. The Spanish monarch sent 

 her a cross. She was also presented to Louis XVIII., 

 who received her graciously, and conferred honours 

 upon her. She died at Besangon, in 1824. 



MARTHA, SANTA ; a city of Colombia, on the 

 northern coast, with a large, safe, and commodious 

 harbour, strongly fortified ; lat. 11 19' N.; Ion. 78 

 48 W.; population, 5000. The heat is great, and 

 the houses are liable to be filled with a fine sand, 

 blown up by the south-west winds. It has consider- 

 able commerce. 



MARTHA'S VINEYARD ; an island of Massa- 

 chusetts, on the south side of Cape Cod, twelve miles 

 west-north-west of Nantucket, nineteen miles long, 

 and from two to ten broad ; Ion. 70 40' W.; lat. 41 

 40' N. The greatest part of the island is low and 

 level, and but a small part of the land is good. The 

 principal manufactures are those of wool and salt. 

 The island contains three towns, Edgartown, Tisbury, 

 and Chilmark. On the north side of the island is 

 the harbour of Holmes' Hole. 



MARTIAL, MARCUS VALERIUS, the most celebrat- 

 ed of the epigrammatical writers among the Romans 

 was born at Bilbilis, in Celtiberia, A. D. 43, and 

 educated at Calaguris (Cala/iorra), the birth-place of 

 his friend Quinctilian. He went to Rome when 

 young, during the reign of Nero, and lived under the 

 reign of Gaiba and the following emperors; from 

 some of whom he received marks of esteem and 

 favour. Domitian appointed him tribune, and made 

 His circumstances more easy by presents. Trajan, who 

 was no friend to satirists, withheld the favour which 

 Martial had received from his predecessors. This 

 induced the poet to retire to his native city. Pliny 

 t.he Younger gave him a sum of money to pay the 

 expenses of the journey. While in Italy, he married 

 a Spanish lady, who brought him a considerable estate. 

 He died in the year 101. His celebrity is founded 

 on fourteen books of epigrams, of which he himself 

 modestly says, " Sunt bona, sunt qucedam mediocria, 

 sunt mala plura." The number and value of his 

 epigrams give a high idea of the wit of the poet. 

 Most of them are ingenious and cutting ; many are 

 full of grace and attic salt ; and many, in which he 

 chastises the vices of his age, are extremely indecent 

 and immodest. He is the true father of modern epi- 

 gram, which is distinguished from the simple G reek epi- 

 gram, by the convergence of all its parts to one witty 

 point. The best editions of his works are that of 

 Paris, 1617, folio ; of Scriverius (Leyden, 1618 and 

 1619, 3 vols. 12mo) ; of Schrevelius (Leyden 1656); 

 and Racier (Mentz, 1627, folio) ; an expurgated Ger- 

 man translation has also been published by Willmann, 

 Cologne, 1825. 



MARTIAL LAW. The law martial applies to 

 soldiers in actual service, and in Britain, is founded 

 upon particular statutes. Chief-justice Hale, in his 

 History of the Common Law, chapter ii. says, it is a 

 body of rules, and a jurisdiction rather indulged by 

 the law than constituting a part of it. But it does 

 not appear why it is not a part of the law of the land, 

 as much as the law merchant or any other branch oi 

 law. It is true it applies only to persons in actual 

 military service, and only to their conduct in such 

 service ; but so the maritime law applies only to per- 



sons engaged in maritime trade, and has reference only 

 to acts done, or obligations arising in that trade. The 

 jurisdiction under the law martial is in a distinct tri- 

 bunal, and the mode of proceeding is different from 

 that which prevails in the common law and in equity 

 jurisdiction; the tribunal for the trial of offences against 

 the military law being a court-martial appointed by 

 some superior officer. A military code, and also a 

 special tribunal for the trial of offences against its pro- 

 visions, are absolutely necessary for the government 

 and regulation of an army, since the offences to which 

 such a code relates, are quite different from those 

 cognizable by the common law, and are such that 

 the ordinary tribunals are not fitted to have jurisdic- 

 tion of them : the proceedings, too, must lie more 

 summary than is practicable before the standing judi- 

 ciary. 



MARTIN, ST, the most famous of this name, was 

 born of heathen parents at Sabaria, in Pannonia 

 (now Stein, in Lower Hungary), about the year 

 316. He attended the catechetical school at Pavia. 

 His father was a military tribune, and compelled 

 him, in his sixteenth year, to take up arms. He is 

 said to have early escaped from his father, and received 

 instruction in a Christian church. While a soldier his 

 life was marked with the rigour of a monk. He serv- 

 ed under Constantius and Julian, and went to Gaul, 

 where he appeared as the model of all virtue. Among 

 other acts, he divided his cloak with a poor man. 

 whom he met at the gates of Amiens. The legend 

 says that Christ appeared to him in the following 

 night, covered with the half of this cloak. Soon 

 after this vision, Martin was baptized in 337, and 

 lived many years in retirement, till St Hilarius, 

 bishop of Poitiers, appointed him exorcist. While 

 on a journey to visit his parents, he was attacked in 

 the Alps by two highway robbers ; the axe of one 

 assailant was already hovering over his head, when 

 the other, touched by his look of innocence, saved 

 him, and was immediately converted. In Pannonia, 

 to which he returned, as was alleged, at the com- 

 mand of the Divinity in a dream, he converted his 

 mother, and opposed, with zeal, the Arians who pre- 

 vailed in Illyria. For this, he was scourged from 

 the country, on which occasion he manifested the 

 firmness of a martyr. He now established a monas- 

 tery in Milan, and afterwards, having been driven 

 thence by the bishop Auxontius, founded another on 

 the island of Gallinaria, in the Ligurian sea. He 

 next settled at Poitiers, where he assembled a num- 

 ber of religious persons, and is said to have wrought 

 many miracles ; for instance, to have raised one of 

 his pupils from the dead. In the year 375, the 

 bishopric of Tours was conferred on him against his 

 will. In order to withdraw himself from the world, 

 he built the famous convent of Marmoutiers, between 

 the Loire and a steep rock, where lie finished his 

 life in the year 400. This is regarded as the oldest 

 abbey of France. St Martin was the first to whom 

 the Roman church offered public adoration. His 

 exertions in spreading the true belief, and extermin- 

 ating paganism in France, are deserving of all com- 

 mendation. The anecdote, that the emperor Maxi- 

 minus, at a banquet, to which he invited Martin, 

 offered him the goblet in order to receive it from his 

 hand, has made him the patron of drinkers. His 

 festival, which takes place on the llth of November, 

 was formerly celebrated with banquetings and car- 

 ousals, where the hilarity was frequently excessive 

 (as is shown by the French expression Martiner, and 

 le mal de St Martin). The Pro/essio Fidei de Trini- 

 tate, attributed to St Martin, is regarded as spurious. 



MARTIN. Of five popes of this name, the most 

 important are, 



Martin /., of Todi, in Tuscany, who was educated 



