

702 



MARTIN MARTYR. 



with care, anil elected pope in G49. At a synod of 

 Italian bishops in the Lateran church at Rome, he 

 caused the Monothelites and the emperor Heraclius 

 to lie solemnly condemned. He was therefore car- 

 ried captive to Constantinople, and condemned to 

 death as a traitor. At the request of the patriarch 

 Paulus, the punishment of death was transmuted 

 into that of banishment. Martin was deprived of all 

 marks of his dignity, exposed to the contumelies of 

 the people and soldiers, and banished to the Cherso- 

 nese, where he died in 655. On account of these 

 sufferings, he was numbered among the saints. We 

 have eighteen epistles of his, of little value. 



Martin J'., of the ancient family of Colonna, was 

 chosen pope in 1417, after the abdication of Gregory 

 XII., and the deposition of Benedict XIII., during 

 the council of Constance. No one of his predeces- 

 sors or followers has ever been consecrated with 

 such solemnity. He rode on a white horse, which 

 the emperor of Germany and the elector of the Pala- 

 tinate, both on foot, led by the bridle. A number 

 of princes, and a whole council, formed his retinue. 

 1 1 is first act was to promulgate a bull against the 

 Hussites, which is remarkable from the circumstance 

 that in it the pope seems to recognise the supreme 

 authority of the councils. In 1418, he dissolved the 

 council of Constance, though a number of difficulties 

 were not adjusted, and dissensions continued in the 

 church. Benedict XIII. still lived ; and, at his 

 death, in 1424, a new antipope was elected in 

 Clement VIII., who first renounced his pretensions 

 in 1429, when he received the bishopric of Minorca 

 as an indemnification. A council which Martin V. 

 convened at Pavia, and thence removed to Sienna, 

 was dissolved, without having established any thing. 

 T fe died soon after, in 1431. He has the merit of 

 Ii.:\ing restored unity to the church, and pacified 

 1 taly. We yet possess some works of his. 



MARTIN, DON JUAN, EL EMPECINADO. See 

 Diez. 



MARTIN, Louis CLAUDE, St, a mystical writer, 

 of noble descent (marquis), was born at Amboise, in 

 Touraine, Jan. 18, 1743, entered early the military 

 service, travelled over Europe, served during the 

 revolution in the national guard, and retired to soli- 

 tude. He died at Antray, near Chatillon, Oct. 1 4, 

 1803. He was modest and pious: his works are 

 full of symbolic mysticism. He found a number of 

 adherents, who called themselves Martinists. He 

 translated Jacob Bohme's Aurora (Morgenrothe] . 

 His mystical work Des Erreurs et de la Verite 

 (Lyons, 1775) is famous. He farther wrote Tableau 

 naturel des Rapports qui existent entre Dieu, VHom- 

 me, et I'Univers (Edinburgh, 1782, 2 vols.); De 

 r Esprit des Chases (1800, 2 vols.); Ecce Homo; 

 Le nouvel Homme (1796) ; Ministere de I'Homme 

 d- Esprit (1802); L" Homme de Desir (new ed., Metz, 

 1802, 2 vols.) ; Le Crocodil, ou la Guerre du Bienet 

 dw Mai, Pocme epico-magique, en CII. Chants (1800); 

 De Dieu et de la Nature, &c. 



MARTINET ; a word frequently used to signify 

 a strict disciplinarian, who sometimes gives officers 

 and soldiers unnecessary trouble. It is supposed to 

 have originated from an officer of that name, who 

 was in high repute as a drill officer, during the 

 reign of Louis XIV. The word also signifies, in 

 French, a sort of scourge, used by schoolmasters ; 

 and perhaps this instrument may have been the true 

 source of the above military term. 



MARTINI, JOHN BAPTIST, a skilful composer 

 and musician, born at Bologna, in 1706, entered 

 early into the order of Minim Friars, and travelled 

 for some time in Asia ; and it was not until his 

 return, that he entirely devoted himself to music. 

 His progress was so rapid, that, at the age of seven- 



teen, he was appointed chapel-master to a convent 

 of his order in Bologna, which situation he filled 

 until his death, in 1784, exercising, at the same 

 time, the functions of professor; and from the 

 school of Martini issued some of the most eminent 

 composers in Italy. He wrote a History of Music 

 (in 3 vols., folio); as also an Essay on Counterpoint ; 

 and Compendia delta Tkeoria de' Numeri. 



MARTIN1CO or MARTINIQUE; one of the 

 largest of the Caribbee islands in the West Indies, 

 belonging to France ; , forty-eight miles long, and 

 about sixteen broad ; square miles, 360 ; population 

 in 1827, 101,865 ; 9937 whites, 10,786 free people 

 of colour, and 81,142 slaves ; chief towns, St Pierre 

 and Fort Royal; Ion. 61 to 61 26* W.; lat. 14<> 

 24' to 14- 56' N. It is very uneven, and intersected 

 in all parts, by a number of hillocks, which are 

 mostly of a conical form. Three mountains rise 

 above these smaller eminences. The highest bears 

 the indelible marks of a volcano. The woods 

 with which it is covered, continually attract the 

 clouds, which occasion noxious damps, and contri- 

 bute to make it horrid and inaccessible, while the 

 two others are in most parts cultivated. From these 

 mountains, but chiefly from the first, issue many 

 springs that water the island. These waters, which 

 flow in gentle streams, are changed into torrents on 

 the slightest storm. Their quality partakes of the 

 nature of the soil they pass through : in some places 

 they are excellent, in others, so bad that the inhabi- 

 tants are obliged to drink the water they have col- 

 lected in the rainy seasons. The yellow fever made 

 great ravages in 1825 : hurricanes, in 1813, 1817, 

 1823, were destructive: the earthquakes of 1823 

 and 1828 did but little damage. Of 75,381 hectares,* 

 the superficial area of the island, 17,622 are em- 

 ployed in raising sugar-cane, 3861 coffee, 719 cocoa 

 491 cotton; 17,191 is pasturage, 19,997 woods. 

 The annual production is valued at 21,000,000 

 francs. The island consumed French products to 

 the value of 16,000,000 in 1824, and exported to the 

 mother country 18,000,000 in value. The tonnage 

 engaged in this commerce was 33,500 tons. The 

 revenue, in 1823, was 4,000,000. It has a garrison, 

 and the administration is conducted by a council, at 

 the head of which is the governor. Martinique was 

 discovered by the Spaniards, in 1493, and occupied 

 by the French in the middle of the seventeenth cen- 

 tury. The British captured it repeatedly ; for the 

 last time, in 1809, and restored it to France in 1814. 



MARTYN, HENRY, an able missionary, was born 

 in Cornwall, in 1781 ; in 1797, entered St John's 

 college, Cambridge, of which society he was chosen 

 fellow, in 1802. The following year, he took orders, 

 and, in 1805, went to India, as a chaplain to the 

 East India company. In the East, he distinguished 

 himself by his rapid acquirement of the native lan- 

 guages. He became master of Sanscrit, translated 

 the Common Prayer into Hindoostanee, and per- 

 formed divine service publicly in that language. 

 From India, he proceeded to Shiraz in Persia, and 

 translated the Psalms and New Testament into the 

 Persian tongue. He also held conferences with the 

 learned Mohammedans, and converted some of them 

 to Christianity. He died of a decline, in Persia, 

 October 16, 1812. 



MARTYR, PETER, (more correctly Pietro Martire 

 d'Anghierd), an Italian writer, who, after having 

 attached himself to the cardinal Vtsconti, and to the 

 archbishop of Milan, went to Spain (1487), distin- 

 guished himself in the military service of Ferdinand 

 and Isabella, and then embraced the clerical profes- 

 sion. Ferdinand employed him in some important 



*A hectare is nearly two and a liulf English acres. 



