706 



MARY'S COLLEGE MARYLAND. 



murdered in her presence, and ottered her many 

 other iiulimiiiii'S which produced an open quarrel 

 between them. An apparent reconciliation took 

 place, when Darnley, who had continued to reside 

 separately from the queen, was assassinated, and the 

 house he had inhabited was blown up with gun- 

 powder, in February, 1567. This barbarous trans- 

 action was but very imperfectly investigated ; and, 

 in the month of May following, the imprudent Mary 

 wedded the earl of Bothwell, who was openly accused 

 as the murderer of the late king. Scotland soon be- 

 came a scene of confusion and civil discord. The 

 people rebelled against the authority of the queen. 

 Bothwell, a fugitive and an outlaw, took refuge in 

 Denmark; and Mary was made a captive, treated 

 with insult and contempt, and coirimitted to custody 

 in the castle of Loch Leven. After some months' 

 confinement, she effected her escape, and, assisted by 

 the few friends who still remained attached to her, 

 made an effort for the recovery of her power. She 

 was opposed by the earl of Murray, the natural son 

 of James V., who had obtained the regency in the 

 minority of her son. The battle of Langside ensured 

 the triumph of her enemies ; and, to avoid falling 

 again into their power, she fled to England, and 

 sought the protection of queen Elizabeth. That 

 princess treated her with all the jealousy of a per- 

 sonal and political rival ; and, after keeping her a 

 prisoner during eighteen years, she caused her unfor- 

 tunate captive to be tried and executed for an alleged 

 conspiracy against her government. Mary received 

 the news of her destined fate with great serenity ; 

 wrote her will, and, having prepared herself for 

 death, by practising the ceremonies enjoined by the 

 Catholic faith, to which she was devotedly attached, 

 suffered decapitation, February 8, 1587, in the castle 

 of Fotheringay, where she had been long confined ; 

 and, August 1, was interred, with great pomp, in 

 the cathedral of Peterborough. Her body was sub- 

 sequently removed, by her son, James I., to Henry 

 VII.'s chapel, Westminster, where a magnificent 

 monument was erected to her memory. She wrote 

 with elegance in the Latin and French languages, 

 and many of her compositions have been preserved, 

 consisting of poems, letters, and a discourse of royal 

 advice to her son. The character and conduct of 

 Mary, queen of Scots, have been made the subject of 

 much controversy. In the list of her partisans may 

 be mentioned Goodal, W. Tytler, Whitaker, H. G. 

 Bell, and professor Rennie ; while the Scottish his- 

 torians, doctor Robertson and-Laing, have exhibited 

 the evidence against her. " No inquiry," says Sir 

 Walter Scott, in his History of Scotland, " has been 

 able to bring us to that clear opinion upon the guilt 

 of Mary which is expressed by many authors, or to 

 guide us to that triumphant conclusion in favour of 

 her innocence of all accession, direct or tacit, to the 

 death of her husband, which others have maintained 

 with the same obstinacy. The great error of mar- 

 rying Bothwell, stained as he was by universal sus- 

 picion of Darnley's murder, is a spot upon her char- 

 acter for which we in vain seek an apology. What 

 excuse she is to derive from the brutal ingratitude of 

 Darnley ; what from the perfidy and cruelty of the 

 fiercest set of nobles who existed in any age ; what 

 from the manners of a time in which assassination 

 was often esteemed a virtue, and revenge the dis- 

 cliarge of a debt of honour; must be left to the 

 charity of the reader." Chalmer's Life of Mary 

 (18 18) and Miss Benger's Memoirs of Mary (1823) 

 may be consulted. The misfortunes of Mary have 

 furnished a subject for the tragic muse of Schiller, 

 Alfieri, and others. 



MARY'S COLLEGE, MOUNT ST, is situated in 

 a romantic spot at the foot of a branch of the Blue 



Kidge mountains, two miles from the town of Em- 

 mettsburg, in Frederic county, Maryland ; distant 

 from Baltimore, fifty miles, and sixty from Washing- 

 ton city. It was established, in 1809, by doctor 

 Dulois, now Catholic bishop of New York. In 1830, 

 it was raised to the dignity of a college, by the 

 general assembly of Maryland, and named Mount 

 St Mary's college. Only twelve students have been 

 graduated ; but the number of students for the year 

 beginning with July, 1831, is 130. The govern- 

 ment of the college is vested in a council of directors. 

 There are nine professors, and sixteen associate pro- 

 fessors and tutors. The philosophical apparatus is 

 very good, and the library consists of 7,000 volumes. 

 There is only one vacation, viz. from July 1 to 

 August 15. Commencement is in tiie last week of 

 June. 



MARY'S COLLEGE, ST. See Baltimore. 



MARY'S FALLS, ST ; rapids on the river St 

 Mary's, between lake Superior and lake Huron. The 

 water descends twenty-two feet ten inches in three 

 quarters of a mile. Canoes and barges descend the 

 falls with a full load, and ascend with half a load. 



MARY'S RIVER, ST ; a small river which 

 separates Georgia from Florida, and runs into the 

 Atlantic ocean ; lat. 30 43' N. ; Ion. 81 40' W. 



MARYLAND; one of the United States of 

 America, bounded north by Pennsylvania and Dela- 

 ware, east by Delaware and the Atlantic ocean, 

 south-west and west by Virginia ; Ion. 75* 10' to 

 79 20' W. ; lat. 38 to 39 44' N. ; square miles, 

 13,950; population in 1790, 319,721; in 1800, 

 349,692 ; 1810, 380,546 ; in 1820, 407,350 ; in 1830, 

 446,913. The number of slaves included in this 

 last number was 102,878 ; and of free people of 

 colour, 52,912. The increase of population for the 

 last forty years has been nearly equal to one per 

 cent, per annum. The proportion between the 

 coloured population and the white is as 1 to 1-87. 

 The seat of government for Maryland is Annapolis. 

 Baltimore is much the largest city. Fredericktown, 

 Hagcrstown, Easton, and Cumberland, are consider- 

 able towns. Chesapeake bay divides the state from 

 north to south. The part of the state east of the bay 

 is called the eastern shore, the part west, the western 

 shore. The country on the eastern side of the Ches- 

 apeake, with the exception of a small part of the 

 northern extremity, is an extensive plain, low and 

 sandy, much intersected by rivers and creeks, having 

 few springs, and abounding with stagnant water. 

 In this part, the air, in summer, is moist, sultry, and 

 disagreeable, and the inhabitants are subject to 

 agues and intermittent fevers, and many of them 

 have a sickly appearance. The Maryland part of 

 the peninsula included between the Delaware and 

 Chesapeake bays, is much lower and more uniformly 

 level than the Delaware part. The soil is well 

 adapted to corn, wheat, tobacco, and sweet potatoes. 

 The genuine white wheat, which is said to be pecu- 

 liar to this state, is raised in some of the counties on 

 the eastern shore. The country on the western 

 shore of the Chesapeake, below the falls of the 

 rivers, resembles that on the eastern shore. Above 

 these falls, the country becomes hilly, and in the 

 western part of the state, it is mountainous. The 

 western parts of the state are crossed by several ridges 

 of mountains. All the uneven country abounds with 

 springs of excellent water, and the climate is highly 

 salubrious and agreeable. There are excellent 

 orchards of apples, pears, peaches, plums, and 

 cherries. The forests abound in nut-bearing trees, 

 which feed great numbers of swine. These swine 

 run wild, and when fattened, are killed, barrelled, 

 and exported. Beef and mutton are also plentiful. 

 Some cotton for domestic use is raised in Maryland, 



