MASSACHUSETTS MASSANIELLO. 



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cember, 1828, employed in the foreign and coasting 

 trade, and in the fisheries, was 424,507 tons. 

 The fisheries are chiefly of three kinds, viz. the 

 whale fishery, which is carried on in distant seas, 

 by ships fitted out chiefly at Nantucket and New 

 Bedford ; the cod fishery, which is carried on 

 partly on the north-eastern coasts of the United 

 States, and those of Newfoundland and Labrador ; 

 and the mackerel fishery, which is carried on chiefly 

 along the coast. A large number of vessels and 

 seamen are employed in these fisheries, and the pro- 

 duce is very great. The manufactures of cotton and 

 woollen cloths are carried on chiefly by large and 

 opulent companies, with machinery which- is moved 

 by water power. The capital of the state, and of 

 all the New England states, is Boston. It has 

 61,392 inhabitants. The towns next in size, are 

 Salem and New Bedford. They are rich towns, 

 extensively engaged in foreign commerce, the former 

 particularly in the India trade, and the latter in the 

 whale fishery. Nantucket is a town also largely 

 engaged in the whale fishery. The other chief com- 

 mercial and fishing towns, are Newburyport, Marble- 

 head, and Plymouth. The chief manufacturing towns 

 are Lowell, Taunton, Springfield, and Waltham. 

 There are many other handsome and flourishing 

 inland towns, among which are Worcester, North- 

 ampton, and Pittsfield. The executive government 

 of the state is vested in a governor, lieutenant gover- 

 nor, and council, who are chosen annually. The 

 legislature consists of a senate, of forty members, 

 chosen annually, and a house of representatives, of 

 one or more members from each town (with the 

 exception of a-few of the smaller towns), consisting, 

 in all, of 500 or 600 members, when the towns exer- 

 cise their full privilege of choosing members. The 

 judiciary consists of a supreme judicial court of four 

 judges, and a court of common pleas of the same 

 number of judges, who hold their appointments dur- 

 ing good behaviour. Both courts are held, at stated 

 periods, in each county. The university at Cam- 

 bridge is the most liberally endowed literary institution 

 in the United States, and has given to the country 

 the greatest number of literary men. It has a presi- 

 dent, eight professors, and six tutors and other teach- 

 ers, besides four professors of the medical school, 

 three of the theological school, and two of the law 

 school. It has a library of 36,000 volumes of choice 

 books. There are two other colleges in the state, 

 viz. Amherst college, near Northampton, and Wil- 

 liams college, at Williamstown, each of which has a 

 president, three or four professors, and two tutors. 

 There is a richly endowed and flourishing theological 

 seminary at Andover. It has four professors, who 

 are supported by the income derived from permanent 

 funds, and has commodious buildings for the resi- 

 dence of the professors and students, and for other 

 purposes. There are in the state forty-three incor- 

 porated academies, part for male, and part for female 

 pupils. There are several well conducted private 

 schools of considerable celebrity. The most distin- 

 guished of these is the Round Hill school, at North 

 ampton, which has been highly successful, from the 

 enlightened views and varied accomplishments of its 

 proprietor, and the liberal provision which he has 

 made for the best instruction in the various depart- 

 ments. The means of common education are pro- 

 vided at the public expense throughout the state. 

 Public schools for instructing all children whose 

 parents choose to send them, are supported in all 

 the towns. In the large towns these schools are ol 

 a high character. They are not regarded as charity 

 schools, but as public institutions, where the rudi- 

 ments of learning are acquired from the same sources 

 by the children of the rich and of the poor. Many 



public improvements of various kinds liave been 

 made, chiefly by companies incorporated by the 

 state legislature. A great number of turnpike roads, 

 bridges, canals, rail-roads, &c. , have been made by 

 such companies, and the means of communication in 

 the state have been thereby greatly improved. For 

 the history of Massachusetts, see New England. 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY; a large bay, situ- 

 ated east of the central part of Massachusetts, and 

 bounded on the north by cape Ann, and on the south 

 by cape Cod. For the former province of this name 

 see New England. 



MASSAGET./E ; a collective name given by the 

 ancients to the unknown tribes of Northern Asia, 

 who dwelt to the east and south of the Caspian sea, 

 as far as the frontiers of the Persian monarchy. This 

 region is at present the residence of the Turkestans 

 and Karakalpaks. The name often occurs in the 

 Scythian and Persian histories ; in the latter, parti- 

 cularly in the campaigns of Cyrus. The Alans were 

 a tribe of the Massagetas. 

 MASSALIANS. See Messalians. 

 MASSANIELLO, properly THOMAS ANIELLO, 

 the celebrated Neapolitan insurgent, was born at 

 Amalfi, and gained a livelihood in Naples as a fish- 

 erman, and a dealer in fish and fruit. Although very 

 poor, he had a proud and enterprising spirit. His 

 love of freedom, and the boldness with which he 

 expressed himself respecting the oppression which 

 the kingdom of Naples had long endured from Spain, 

 procured him a large faction among the common 

 people, who admired his boldness. As he was des- 

 titute neither ot eloquence nor courage, nothing but 

 opportunity was wanting for him to appear as the 

 head of the populace. Such an opportunity offered 

 in 1647. Massaniello had brought a basket of fruit 

 to the city, for which the collectors demanded the 

 tax. He refused, and, they using force, he threw 

 himself on the earth, and implored the people to aid 

 him against their violence. An insurgent multitude 

 immediately assembled, at the head of which he 

 advanced to the tax-office, with the cry " Long 

 live the king, but down with the bad government." 

 Thence the insurgents repaired to the castle of the 

 viceroy, the duke of Arcos, and demanded that he 

 should receive Massaniello as a colleague. In vain 

 did the cardinal Filomarino, archbishop of Naples, 

 seek to appease their fury ; in vain did John of Aus- 

 tria, a natural son of Philip IV., appear in the har- 

 bour with twenty-two galleys ; the insurrection only 

 increased the more, and the nobility became the 

 object of its rage. Massaniello, who had become 

 governor of the city, caused sixty of the principal 

 palaces to be reduced to ashes, without the least 

 thing being saved. All marks of the royal govern- 

 ment disappeared. Every body was suspected by 

 Massaniello, and death followed immediately his 

 slightest apprehension. Seven days elapsed amid 

 these horrors, and men began to talk of capitulation. 

 It was agreed that the taxes on fruit should be 

 abolished, and the ancient liberties restored. The 

 assent of the king of Spain was promised within a 

 certain time. Massaniello, on this assurance, laid 

 down his arms, and returned, without demanding 

 any recompense or distinction, to his former station 

 But the great party, which he still possessed, making 

 him appear dangerous to the viceroy, who was no 

 ways disposed to fulfil his promises, this ruler 

 resolved to get rid of him. He invited Massaniello 

 to his own house, and probably mingled poison with 

 his wine. This did not, indeed, kill him, but made 

 him delirious, to which his passion for heating liquors 

 may also have contributed. In this state the 

 unfortunate man ran through the streets of Naples 

 shooting his best friends, and committing the 



