MASSINGER MASTER OF THE HORSE. 



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appointed him, in conformity with the order of God ; 

 that not the prince, but the laws, should rule, of 

 which the monarch is but the minister and guardian. 

 In 1719, Massillon was chosen a member of the 

 academy. Cardinal Dubois procured him the pre- 

 lacy of Sevigny. His last discourse in Paris was the 

 funeral sermon on the duchess of Orleans. From 

 that time, he never left his diocese, where his virtues, 

 particularly his charity, had procured him the re- 

 verence of all. He died in 1742. His sermons are 

 distinguished for simplicity, knowledge of the human 

 heart, an artless flow of eloquence, natural and lively 

 imagery, richness of ideas, perspicuity and warmth. 

 They awaken virtuous feeling, and not controversial 

 ardour. The nephew of this distinguished man pub- 

 lished a complete edition of his uncle's works (1745 

 ft seq. ; reprinted at Paris, in 1762, in 13 vols., 8vo; 

 and at Lyons, Leroy, and Lusand, in 15 vols., 12mo). 



MASSINGER, PHILIP, a distinguished English 

 dramatist,' in the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 

 tury, was the son of a retainer of the earl of Pem- 

 broke, and was born at Salisbury, in 1585. He 

 studied at Oxford, but quitted the university without 

 taking a degree, in consequence, perhaps, of his 

 having become a Roman Catholic. Little is known 

 of his personal history, yet he appears to have been 

 intimately connected with the wits and poets of his 

 time, in conjunction with some of whom, as Fletcher, 

 Middleton, Rowley, and Dekker, he composed some 

 of his dramas. He died in 1639. As a dramatist, 

 Massinger is more natural in his character, and poeti- 

 cal in his diction, than Jonson or Cartwright, and 

 some critics rank him next to Shakspeare. In tragedy, 

 however, he is rather eloquent and forcible than 

 pathetic ; and in richness and variety of humour, his 

 comedy can by no means vie with that of his great 

 master. His plays were published collectively, by 

 Mr J. M. Mason and Mr T. Davies, in 1779, 4 vols., 

 8vo ; but the best edition is that of Mr W. Gifford, 

 with notes and a life of Massinger (4 vols., 8vo, 

 1805). 



MAST. See Skip. 



MASTER AND SERVANT. In legal accepta- 

 tion, a servant is one who owes his services to another 

 for a limited period, but not for life, or who, in other 

 words, is not a slave. Servants consist of two classes, 

 namely, those who receive wages, and apprentices. 

 The contract for service, in the respective cases, 

 is quite different: in each, the servant is bound to 

 render service, but in one the master is bound to 

 pay the stipulated wages ; in the other, to give in- 

 struction. The master is answerable for the acts of 

 his servant, done by authority of the master. If the 

 servant does an injury to another, directly conse- 

 quent upon the employment about which he is set 

 by the master, the latter, as well as the servant, is 

 answerable in damages to the party injured, whether 

 the injury arise from want of honesty, skill, or care. 

 But the. master is not answerable for any mischievous, 

 fraudulent, or negligent act of one who is his servant, 

 if it is not done in the employment or by the authority 

 of the master. Thus where a servant wilfully drove 

 his master's carriage against another, and injured it, 

 it was held, after much deliberation, that the master 

 was not answerable, for it was stepping aside from 

 the employment about which the servant had been 

 set, and was not authorized by the master. Where 

 one servant employs another, the master is answera- 

 ble for the one so employed by his authority . The 

 contract for hire gives the master or employer no 

 authority whatever for the corporal punishment of 

 the servant or person employed. If he is negligent, 

 or in any respect in fault, the remedy is on the con- 

 tract. (As to the other description of servants above 

 mentioned, see article Apprenticeship.) The terms 



of apprenticeship entitle the master to the services 

 of the apprentice for the time limited in the inden- 

 tures of apprenticeship, and impose upon the master 

 the duty of providing for and instructing the appren- 

 tice. The master has the right of moderately cor- 

 recting the apprentice; but, in case of ill treatment 

 of the apprentice by the master, or neglect to instruct 

 him in the trade or business proposed to be taught, 

 the law ought to provide some immediate remedy, 

 in case of the stipulations in the articles of appren- 

 ticeship being insufficient to meet the case ; and such 

 provisions are introduced into many codes of laws, 

 though other codes are deficient in this respect, and 

 the apprentice is condemned to suffer years of bond- 

 age and cruelty, and arrives at manhood without in- 

 struction, or the habits likely to render him a useful 

 or. happy member of the community. On the other 

 hand, the apprentice may be perverse, vicious, idle, 

 and ungovernable ; and the laws of some states make 

 provision that, in such case, the master may be dis- 

 charged from his obligations. As to the liability of the 

 master for the acts of the apprentice, they are the 

 same as in respect to other servants. 



MASTER IN CHANCERY. The masters in 

 chancery are assistants to the lord chancellor and 

 master of the rolls ; of these, there are some ordinary 

 and others extraordinary : the masters in ordinary are 

 twelve in number, some of whom sit in court every 

 day during the term, and have referred to them in- 

 terlocutory orders for stating accounts, and comput- 

 ing damages, and the like ; and they also administer 

 oaths, take affidavits, and acknowledgments of 

 deeds and recognisances : the masters extraordinary 

 are appointed to act in the country, beyond ten miles' 

 distance from London. 



MASTER OF ARTS. In the German universi- 

 ties, the title of magister artium is an academical 

 honour, conferred by the philosophical faculty, after 

 a previous examination in the general sciences, par- 

 ticularly philosophy, philology, mathematics, physics, 

 and history. The word magister, connected with a 

 qualifying phrase, was used among the Romans as a 

 title of honour; as, for instance, magister equitum (see 

 the next article), but its present meaning must be 

 traced to the time of the establishment of the oldest 

 universities. Regularly organized faculties were not 

 then known, as they now exist in the universities of 

 the continent. The whole circle of academic activity 

 was limited to the seven liberal arts (see Art): the 

 teachers were called artists; the body of teachers, 

 the faculty of artists ; and they who received public 

 honours on the completion of their course of studies, 

 for their diligence and knowledge, and had already 

 received the degree of baccalaureus, were called 

 magistri artium (masters of the liberal arts) a title 

 with which that of doctor of philosophy was after- 

 wards joined. As the origin of this dignity is more 

 ancient than that of doctor, it is still placed before it 

 in most of the German universities. The precise per- 

 iod of its introduction is not known ; but even in the 

 twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the honour was so 

 highly esteemed in France, that the most distinguish- 

 ed men were eager to obtain it. Since that time its 

 dignity has been greatly diminished. This title is to 

 be distinguished from the magister legens, that is, 

 one who has obtained the right, by public disputa- 

 tions, to deliver lectures. In the English arid 

 American universities, the title of master of arts is 

 intermediate between those of bachelor of arts and 

 doctor. 



MASTER OF THE HORSE (magister equitum) ; 

 the commander of the cavalry among the Romans. 

 He was among the high extraordinary magistrates, 

 and was appointed by the dictator immediately after 

 his own election. He was next to the dictator in 

 2z 



