MAURY MAXIMILIAN I. 



731 



Provence, in 1746, of obscure parentage, took holy 

 orders, and soon received several benefices. His 

 eulogy on Feneton, and his talents as a preacher, 

 attracted the public notice, and, previous to the 

 breaking out of the revolution, had procured for him 

 the place of a court-preacher, the priory of Lyons, 

 the dignity of abbot of Frenade, and a seat in the 

 French academy. He showed his gratitude for this 

 patronage of government, by exercising his courage 

 and his eloquence in defence of the throne. In 1789, 

 the abbe Maury was chosen deputy of the clergy of 

 Peronne to the States-G eneral, and became a formid- 

 able antagonist to the opposition by his eloquence, 

 his extensive and profound knowledge, and, particu- 

 larly, by his presence of mind, and his imperturbable 

 firmness. The union of the three estates in a national 

 assembly met with the most vigorous resistance from 

 him, and, after it was determined upon, he quitted the 

 assembly and Versailles, but afterwards returned, and 

 took an active part in that body. He defended the ne- 

 cessity of the royal veto, and opposed the conversion of 

 the church property into national domains. When 

 the latter subject was discussed for the third time, 

 November 9, 1789, Maury produced a violent excite- 

 ment in the assembly by his speech, and, on leav- 

 ing the house, was saluted by the crowd with the 

 cry, A la lanterne Vabbe Maury. Eh lien, replied 

 he coolly, le voild, Vabbe Maury ; quand vous le met- 

 triez d la lanterne, y verriez-vous phis clair ? This 

 reply produced a general laugh, and the abbe was 

 saved. On the dissolution of the assembly, in 1792, 

 he retired to Rome, and received a bishopric in parti- 

 bus from the pope, who sent him to Frankfort as 

 apostolic nuncio at the coronation of Francis II. He 

 was soon after (1794) created bishop of Montefias- 

 cone and Corneto, and cardinal. During the revolu- 

 tionary storm, Maury remained at Rome, devoted to 

 the duties of his charge and to study. His pastoral 

 letters contained expressions of his abhorrence of the 

 cruelties committed in France, and of his adherence 

 to the Bourbons. Thus far he had displayed a con. 

 sistency of character, as even his declared enemies 

 acknowledged. But when Napoleon usurped the 

 imperial dignity, in 1804, Maury considered the cause 

 of the Bourbons as hopeless, and thought it an act of 

 prudence on his part to submit to the government, 

 which was recognised by the French nation, and by 

 nearly all the powers of Europe. He might justify 

 this measure by his previous adherence to monarchical 

 principles, and might hope to be useful in extending 

 the papal prerogatives in France, which had been 

 much limited by the concordate of 1801. Perhaps, 

 also, his ambition was flattered with the prospect of 

 thus reaching the highest spiritual dignity in Catho- 

 lic Christendom. However this may be, he wrote 

 in terms of the highest admiration to Napoleon, and 

 proffered his allegiance as a French subject. In 1804, 

 he accompanied the pope to Paris, and was present 

 at the coronation of the emperor. In 1808, he was 

 created archbishop of Paris, and was thenceforward 

 the most devoted servant of his master. All his 

 pastoral letters, and his discourses, recommended 

 the most unconditional obedience to the decrees of 

 Napoleon, and his addresses to the emperor abound- 

 ed in the most abject terms of adulation. In 1814, 

 he was obliged to leave the archiepiscopal palace in 

 Paris, and the capital would no longer recognise him 

 as archbishop, since he had no papal brief to produce. 

 He hastened to Rome, but there was thrown into the 

 castle of St Angelo, for having accepted the arch- 

 bishopric without the consent of the holy see. After 

 subjecting himself to various humiliations, he was 

 again acknowledged as cardinal, but died at Rome, 

 in 1817, without recovering his archbishopric, or his 

 former consideration. 



MAUSOLEUM (^aiwwXHw,) from Mausolus, a 

 king of Caria, to whom a sumptuous sepulchre was 

 raised by lu's wife Artemisia. King Mausolus is 

 said to have expired in the year 353 13. C.; and his 

 wife was so disconsolate at the event, that she drank 

 up his ashes, and perpetuated his memory by the 

 erection of this magnificent monument which became 

 so famous as to be esteemed the seventh wonder of 

 the world, and to give a generic name to all superb 

 sepulchres. (See an essay of count Caylus, in the 

 26th volume of the Mem. de i 'Academic des Belles 

 Lettres ; and Aulisio, De Mausolci Architecturn, 

 in Sallengre, Thes. III.) Other famous mausoleums 

 are the mausoleum of Augustus, built by him in the 

 sixth consulate, on the Campus Martius, between the 

 Via Flaminia and the Tiber. The ruins are still seen 

 near the church of St Roque, and one of the obelisks 

 which stood before this superb building was found in 

 the reign of pope Sixtus V., and placed before the 

 church of St Maria Maggiore. This mausoleum con- 

 tained the ashes of Augustus, Marcellus, Agrippa, 

 Germanicus, and of some later emperors. The 

 Mausoleum Hadriani is now the castle of St Angelo. 



MAXEN; a village in the circle of Meissen, king- 

 dom of Saxony, famous for the surrender of the Prus- 

 sian general Fink, with 12,000 men, to the Austrian 

 general Daun, Nov. 21, 1759, in the seven years' 

 war. 



MAXIMIANUS, HERCULIUS ; the colleague of 

 Diocletian. See Diocletian. 



MAXIMILIAN I., emperor of Germany, son and 

 successor of Frederic III., born in 1459, married, in 

 1477, Mary of Burgundy, heiress of duke Charles 

 the Bold, the son of which marriage (the archduke 

 Philip) was the father of Charles V. and Ferdinand 

 I. Maximilian was elected king of the Romans, in 

 1486, and ascended the imperial throne in 1493, 

 under very unfavourable circumstances. Germany, 

 under the reign of his predecessor, had become dis- 

 tracted and feeble. Maximilian's marriage had, 

 indeed, brought the territories of Charles to the house 

 of Austria, but he had been unable to maintain them 

 against Louis XI. (q. v.), who had stripped him of 

 Artois, Flanders, and the duchy of Burgundy, while 

 Charles VIII. obtained the hand of Anne of Brittany, 

 whom Maximilian had married by proxy. In 1494, 

 the latter was married, a second time, to Bianca 

 Sforza of Milan. Maximilian was enterprising, politic, 

 brave, and of a noble and generous temper ; yet his 

 best plans often failed through his excessive ardour 

 and his want of perseverance, and the miserable ad- 

 ministration of his finances often deprived him of the 

 fruits of his most fortunate enterprises. In 1493, he 

 defeated the Turks, who had invaded the empire, 

 and, during the remainder of his life, he was able to 

 repel them from his hereditary territories ; but he 

 could not prevent the separation of Switzerland from 

 the German empire, in 1498 and 1499. His plans 

 for limiting the power of Louis XII. in Italy, and 

 compelling him to renounce his claims on Milan, 

 involved him in perpetual wars, without securing to 

 him the possession of Milan. Not less unsuccessful 

 was the league of Cambray against Venice, which he 

 concluded (1508) with the pope, Spain, France, 

 Mantua, and Modena. (See League.) Maximilian 

 afterwards took the field against France, and, for 

 the purpose of raising money, ceded Verona to the 

 Venetian republic for 200,000 ducats. His measures 

 in the domestic affairs of the German empire which, 

 for 300 years, had been the theatre of barbarism and 

 anarchy, were more creditable. What his predeces- 

 sors had so long vainly attempted, Maximilian suc- 

 cessfully accomplished. In 1495, he had put an end 

 to internal troubles and violence, by the perpetual 

 peace of the empire, decreed by the diet of Worms. 



