734 



MAYNE MAZARIN. 



Tlie transaction in Doctor Mayhew's life which at- 

 tracted most attention to him was his controversy 

 with the reverend Mr Apthorp, respecting the pro- 

 ceedings of the British society for the propagation of 

 the gospel in foreign parts. He condemned their 

 proceedings in a masterly pamphlet, and contended 

 that the society were either deceived by the represen- 

 tations of the persons whom they employed, or gov- 

 erned more by a regard to Episcopacy than to charity. 

 Several members of the society in America wrote re- 

 plies, and even doctor Seeker, archbishop of Canter- 

 bury, embarked in the dispute, in favour of the 

 society. Doctor Mayhew rejoined with ranch co- 

 gency, vivacity, and wit. 



MAYNE, JOHN, a Scottish poet, was a native of 

 Dumfries, which place he left in early life for 

 Glasgow, where he passed through a regular term of 

 service with the celebrated printers, Messrs Foulis. 

 He afterwards removed to London, and was, for a long 

 series of years, the printer and a co-proprietor of the 

 Star daily newspaper. He died on the 14th of 

 March, 1836, at an advanced age. His principal 

 poems are " Glasgow," a panegyric on that city, 

 which has gone through several editions ; and " The 

 Siller Gnn," a poem descriptive of an ancient festivity 

 held at Dumfries, in which there is a shooting match 

 for a small silver gun. This latter poem has also 

 gone through several editions, the latest and best 

 being that of London, 183G. Mr Mayne was also 

 author of several beautiful lyrics, among which may 

 be mentioned " Logan Braes " and " Helen of Kirk- 

 connell Lea." 



MAYPU, BATTLE OF, sealed the independence 

 of Chile. It was fought April 5, 1817, Osorio com- 

 manding the royalists, and San Martin and Las Heras 

 the patriots. Of the five thousand men commanded 

 by Osorio, two thousand fell on the field, and two 

 thousand five hundred were made prisoners; and the 

 victory not only gave liberty to Chile, but enabled 

 the Chileans to send a liberating expedition against 

 Peru. See Chile, Peru, San Martin. Stevenson's 

 South America, vol. iii., p. 183. 



MAZAHIN, JULIUS, first minister of Louis XIV., 

 and cardinal, was born of a noble family, at Piscini, 

 in Abruzzo (according to Flassan, at Rome), in 1602. 

 He studied law at the Spanish university of Alcala 

 de Henares, after leaving which, he entered the 

 military service of the pope. He was a captain in a 

 corps in the Valteline, when he was commissioned by 

 general Torquato Conti to negotiate the truce at 

 Rivalta, Sept. 16, 1630, between the French, Spanish, 

 and imperial generals. The nuncio Bagni repre- 

 sented him as a distinguished man to Louis XIII. 

 and cardinal Richelieu. When the war broke out 

 respecting the succession of the duchy of Mantua, 

 Mazarin, as papal minister, repaired to Louis XIII. 

 at Lyons, and had a long conference with cardinal 

 Richelieu. Having failed in his attempts to effect a 

 peace, he returned to Italy. The French stationed 

 before Casal were on the point of renewing hostili- 

 ties, when Mazarin effected a truce of six weeks 

 between them and the Spanish forces. On the ex- 

 piration of the truce, he proposed to the French 

 to consent to a peace, which they refused, except on 

 the hardest conditions. He induced the Spanish 

 general, however, to agree to them, and returned on 

 horseback, at full speed, between the two armies, 

 who were already engaged, waving his hat, and 

 exclaiming " Peace ! peace !" while the bullets 

 were whizzing round his head. The action was 

 suspended and peace established. By this negotia- 

 tion, Mazarin gained the friendship of Richelieu, and, 

 in 1641, Louis XIII. induced Urban VIII. to create 

 him cardinal, immediately whereupon he was ap- 

 pointed a member of the council of state. Richelieu, 



on his death-bed, recommended him so strongly to 

 the king, that, in his will, Louis nominated him a 

 member of the council of regency. After the death 

 of Louis XIII., in 1643, queen Anne of Austria, as 

 regent, gave him the post of first minister. Mazarin 

 was, at that time, generally regarded as the lover of 

 the queen, and, from this intimacy, some have at- 

 tempted to derive the origin of the iron mask. (q. v), 

 He at first conducted with much modesty. But, 

 notwithstanding this moderation, which did not last 

 long, a powerful party was formed against him. He 

 was hated as a foreigner, and his person, his manners, 

 his pronunciation, were made subjects of ridicule. 

 The people, moreover, groaned under the burden of 

 taxes. These circumstances resulted in a civil war. 

 (See Fronde.) The queen was obliged to fly to St 

 Germain with the king, and the minister, whom the 

 parliament regarded as a disturber of the public 

 tranquillity. Spain took part in the commotions, and 

 the archduke, governor of the Netherlands, assem- 

 bled troops. This obliged the queen, who was 

 neither able nor desirous to wage war, in 1649, to 

 come to a compromise with the parliament. The 

 parliament retained the liberty of convening itself, 

 of which it had been attempted to deprive it, and 

 the court kept its minister, whom parliament and 

 people had attempted to overthrow. But the prince 

 of Conde', to whom the state was indebted for this 

 reconciliation, showed little moderation to either 

 party. Mazarin was ridiculed by him, the queen 

 treated with disdain, and the government mocked. 

 Mazarin, forced to be ungrateful, therefore persuaded 

 the queen to give orders for the ai-rest of him, with 

 his brother, the prince of Conti, and the duke of 

 Longueville. But, in 1651, the parliament issued 

 an edict, banishing Mazarin from the kingdom, and 

 obliged the court to release the princes. They 

 entered Paris as if in triumph, while the cardinal 

 fled, first to Liege and then to Cologne. But even 

 from thence did this minister rule the court and 

 France. In February, 1652, the king, now arrived 

 at age, recalled Mazarin, who, as Voltaire says, camt 

 to France " less like a minister resuming his office 

 than like a ruler taking possession again of his states.' 

 He was accompanied by a small army of 7000 men, 

 which he kept on foot, at his own expense, that is, 

 with the public money, which he appropriated to his 

 own use. On the first information of his return, 

 Gaston d'Orleans, brother of Louis XIII., who had 

 demanded the removal of the cardinal, levied troops 

 in Paris, and the parliament renewed its decrees, 

 banished Mazarin, and set a price on his head. At 

 the same time, the prince of Conde, in league with 

 the Spaniards, put himself in motion against the king, 

 whose army was commanded by Turenne, who had 

 left the Spaniards. Several indecisive battles were 

 fought: the war ceased and was renewed at intervals. 

 The cardinal found it necessary again to leave the 

 court, and repaired to Sedan, in 1652, after which 

 the king again took possession of Paris. To restore 

 entire tranquillity, Louis had issued a proclamation, 

 in which he dismissed his minister, while he praised 

 his services, and lamented his banishment. But 

 quiet having returned, the king invited him, in Feb., 

 1653, back to Paris. Louis received him like a 

 father, the people like a master. The princes, the 

 ambassadors, and the parliament, hastened to wait 

 upon him. The disturbances in the provinces were 

 soon entirely quelled, and Conde, who had fled to the 

 Spanish Netherlands, was declared guilty of treason. 

 Mazarin now prosecuted the war against Spain with 

 redoubled zeal, and, for that end, formed an alliance, 

 in 1656, with Cromwell. By this means, he obtained 

 for France an honourable peace. He negotiated 

 himself, in 1659, with the Spanish minister Haro, on 



