MILITARY DISTRICT MILITARY SCHOOLS. 



813 



far as they border on the Turkish territory. It has 

 a military constitution, and the inhabitants are soldiers 

 and peasants at the same time. They have received 

 the hereditary use of the land, for which they are 

 obliged to render certain services to the government, 

 amongst which the military service is the most impor- 

 tant. They form thus an uninterrupted cordon against 

 the Turks, and the Austrian government has an army 

 always ready without great expense. The soldiers 

 actually in service belonging to this district amount, 

 in peace, to 45,000 men. In 1815, they amounted to 

 62,000 men. These frontier soldiers protect their 

 country against the Turks and the plague, without 

 pay. When they are marched against enemies in a 

 different quarter, they have the common pay of other 

 soldiers. In the thirty years' war, in the Austrian 

 war of succession, and in the seven years' war, their 

 services were important ; and still more so in the 

 repeated contests between Austria and Turkey. At 

 the beginning of the French revolutionary war, no 

 less than 100,000 of them appeared in the field. 

 They have shown themselves undeviatingly faithful 

 to their monarch. Their military officers exercise also 

 the civil and judicial authority. The highest office is 

 called the general-commando, under whom stand the 

 commandos of the regiments. The whole country is 

 divided into five generalships (generalate), which, in 

 1815 contained three fortresses, eleven cities (or, as 

 they are called, military communities, which have 

 their own magistrates), twenty-four market-towns 

 and staff quarters, and 1995 villages. In the general- 

 ship of Carlstadt and Warasdin, the most important 

 places are Karlobago, Zengh and Bellowar ; in the 

 generalship of Banat, Petrinia, and Kostainicza ; in 

 the Sclavonic generalship, or that of Peterwardein, 

 Old and New Gradisca, Peterwardein, Carlowitz, and 

 Semlin; to which also belong the Tschaikists; in the 

 Hungarian Banat generalship, Pancsowa, Weisskir- 

 chen, and Karansebeo. In the Transylvanian gener- 

 alship there are no places particularly worthy of 

 notice. Next to agriculture and the raising of cattle, 

 the cultivation of wine and garden fruits is carried 

 on extensively. Flax, hemp, tobacco, and many 

 other important plants are cultivated. The country 

 is rich in valuable minerals. Mining, particularly 

 in the present Banat and the Transylvanian frontiers, 

 was in a flourishing condition even in the time of the 

 Romans ; but these mines are, at present, little 

 worked. Manufactures are in a low condition. The 

 meclianics, as well as the merchants, live chiefly in 

 the communities, so called. The inhabitants belong 

 principally to four races. The most numerous are 

 the Sclav onians; after these, the Walachians ; then 

 follow the Hungarians and Szekler ; after these, the 

 Germans. The majority belong to the Greek church; 

 the Roman Catholics, however, are almost equally 

 numerous. There are also Greek Catholics, Cal- 

 vinists, Lutherans, and Unitarians. In the time of 

 the Romans, this country belonged partly to Illyria 

 and Pannonia Savia, partly to the kingdom of Dacia, 

 and shared the changes of those countries. Sigis- 

 mund of Hungary laid the foundation of the military 

 frontier when he founded the capitanat of Zengh. 

 In the middle of the sixteenth century, the frontier 

 seems to have been already divided into two chief 

 districts. The Croatian frontier was the first ; the 

 others were established much later, when, by the 

 peace of Carlowitz, Austria received from Turkey 

 several provinces entirely unpeopled. In no part of 

 Hungary does the population increase so rapidly ; 

 and yet the frontier has to furnish many troops in all 

 the wars of Austria, and many young people, unable 

 to obtain land for the support of a family, emigrate 

 into other parts of the monarchy. The Transylva- 

 nian frontier was established the latest. See Siatistik \ 



der Militairgrenze des ostreich. Kaiserthumn, hy 

 Hietzinger, Vienna, 1822. 



MILITARY GEOGRAPHY. See Military 

 Sciences, and Geography. 



MILITARY ORDERS. See Orders. 



MILITARY ROADS are, 1. such roads as are 

 destined chiefly to facilitate the movements of mili- 

 tary bodies; for instance, some of the superb roads 

 which Napoleon constructed in Italy, to effect an 

 easy military connexion with France; 2. roads on 

 which, according to treaty, foreign troops mayman-li 

 to a certain place of destination, in traversing the 

 states of a friendly power. 



MILITARY SCHOOLS and ACADEMIES; 

 schools in which soldiers receive instruction, or in 

 which youths are educated for the army. Among 

 the former are the soldier-schools, in which, as is the 

 case in many armies, particularly in the Prussian, the 

 private soldiers learn reading, writing, and arith- 

 metic; they are also, in the Gist named country at 

 least, often instructed in singing, so that it is com- 

 mon, in the Prussian army, for a battalion to have its 

 choir, which sings during divine service, and on 

 other occasions. Instruction has become so general 

 in the Prussian army, by means of regimental and 

 battalion schools, that during the last years of peace, 

 the army was considered an institution for the instruc- 

 tion of the whole country, as every Prussian is obliged 

 to.serve for a short time in the standing army. In 

 some armies conversazioni have been introduced, in 

 which the officers hold discourse with the sergeants 

 and privates, on subjects connected with the sen' ice. 

 When the officers in the armies of the European con- 

 tinent were taken from the nobility only, academies 

 were established by government to educate young 

 noblemen. They were called in Germany Ritteraka- 

 demien, and sometimes were of a high character. 

 These establishments must be distinguished from the 

 cadet-houses, so called, where, generally speaking, 

 the children of officers only are educated for the 

 army. In many countries, noblemen only are ad- 

 mittt^J into these also. In several French cities, 

 companies of cadets existed when Louis XV., in 1751, 

 first established an ecole royale militaire for 500 

 young noblemen, from eight to eleven years old. 

 The principal features ol its organization have been 

 retailed in most similar institutions. See Rectieil 

 d' Edits, Declarations, Reglemens et Ordonnances du 

 Roi, concernant l'H6tel de I'Ecole roy. militaire 

 (Paris, 1762). The (so called) Ritterakademien origi- 

 nated later. Frederic the Great established the ecole 

 militaire at Berlin, for the further accomplishment 

 of young officers. Even before the seven years' war, 

 every French city in which a regiment of artillery was 

 garrisoned, had its artillery school. Saxony followed 

 in 1766, Austria and Prussia later. At present, the 

 two last have excellent artillery schools, as well as 

 others in the department of engineering. Since 1815, 

 the standard of scientific education of officers has 

 been much raised in several armies ; in none, how- 

 ever, so high as in the Prussian, in which no person 

 can be promoted without a severe examination. Be- 

 sides the regimental schools in this army, mentioned 

 above, every division has its school, to which young 

 sergeants, c., are admitted (if they appear, on ex- 

 amination, to possess the necessary elementary know- 

 ledge), in order to prepare themselves for examination 

 for a lieutenancy. Mathematics, history, geography, 

 statistics, the applied mathematics, modern languages, 

 particularly French, and the military sciences (q. v.), 

 are here the chief subjects of study. The artillery 

 corps and engineer corps have their separate schools 

 for young officers, to prepare themselves for examina- 

 tion for the rank of captain. The captain must con- 

 tinue his studies by himself, to stand an examination 



