830 



MINERALOGY MINERVA. 



ORDER 2. Jt'at r. 

 lit nut. Atmospheric water. 



ORDER 3. Acid. 



Gtmertt. I. Carbonic acid. 2. Muriatic arid. 3. Sulphuric 

 arid. 4 Uvracic add. 5. Arsenic acid. 



ORDER 4. Salt. 



Genera. I. Natron salt. 2. Glauber salt. 3. Nitre salt. 4. 

 Kook salt. 5. Ammoniac salt 6. Vitriol salt. 7. Kpsom 

 salt, a Mum salt, 9. Borax salt. 10. Brythiue salt. 



CLASS II. 

 ORDER 1. Haloide. 



Genera. 1. Gypsum lialoide. 2. Cryone haloide. 3. Alum 

 h.iltiiJe. 4. Fluor haloide. 5. Calc haloide. 



ORDER 2. Baryte. 



Genera, 1. Parachros.- baryte. 2. Zinc baryte. 3. Schee- 

 lium baryte. 4. Hal baryte. 5. Lead baryte. 



ORDER 3. Kerate. 

 Genus. 1. Pearl kerate. 

 ORDER 4. Malachite. 



Genera. 1. Staphyline malachite. 2. Lirocone malachite. 3. 

 Olive malachite. 4. Azure malachite. 5. Emerald mala- 

 chite. G. Habroneme malachite. 



ORDER 5. Mica. 



Genera. 1. Euchlore mica. 2. Cobalt mica. 3. Iron mica. 

 I. Graphite mica. 5. Talc mica. 6. Pearl mica. 



ORDER 6. Spar. 



Genera. 1. Schiller spar. 2. Disthene spar. 3. Triphane 

 spur. 4. Dystome spar. 5. Kouphone spar. 6. Petaline 

 spar. 7. Feldspar. 8. Augite spar. 9. Azure spar. 



ORDER 7. Gem. 



Genera, l. Andalusite. 2. Corundum. 3. Diamond. 4. 

 Topaz. 5. Emerald. 6. Quartz. 7. Aximite. 8. Chryso- 

 lite. 9. Boracite. 10. Tourmaline. 11. Garnet. 12. Zircon. 

 la Gadoliuite. 



ORDER 8. Ore. 



Genera. 1. Titanium ore. 2. Zinc ore. 3. Copper ore. 4. 

 Tin ore. 5. Scheelium ore. 6. Tantalum ore. 7. Uranium 

 ore. 8. Cerium ore. 9. Chrome ore. 10. Iron ore. 11. 

 Manganese ore. 



ORDER 9. Metal. 



Genera. \. Arsenic. 2. Tellurium. 3. Antimony. 4. Bis- 

 muth. 5. Mercury. 6. Silver. 7. Gold. 8. Flatina. 9. 

 Iron. 10. Copper. 



ORDER \Q. Pyrites. 



Genera. 1. Nickel pyrites. 2. Arsenic pyrites. 3. Cobalt 

 pyrites. 4. Iron pyrites. 5. Copper pyrites. 



ORDER 11. Glance. 



Genera. 1. Copper glance. 2. Silver glanco. 3. Lead 

 plance. 4. Tellurium glance. 5. Molybdenum glance. 6. 

 Bismuth glance. 7. Antimony glance. 8. Mehine glance. 



ORDER 12. Blende. 



Genera. }. Glance blende. 2. Garnet blende. 3. Purple 

 blende. 4. Ruby blende. 



ORDER 13. Sulphur. 

 Genus. 1. Sulphur. 



CLASS III. 



ORDER I. liestn. 



Genut. 1. Melichrone resin. 



ORDER 2. Coal. 

 Genus 1. Mineral coal. 



Among the works on mineralogy, the following are 

 worthy of notice : Traite de Mineralogie, par A. 

 lirongniurt (Paris, 1807) ; a Familiar Introduction 

 to the Study of Crystallography, by Henry James 

 Brooke (London, 1823) ; an Elementary Introduction 

 to the Knowledge of Mineralogy, &c., by William 

 Phillips (London, 1823) ; Handbuch der Mineralogie, 

 eon C. A. S. Hoffman (Freiberg, 1811, and continued 

 by A Breithaupt) ; Mohs' System of Mineralogy, 

 translated by William Haidinger (Edinburgh, 1825) ; 

 Traite de Crystallographie , par M. VAbbe Hatty 

 (Paris, 1822) ; Traite de Mineralogie, par M. VAbbe 

 Haily (Paris, 1822) ; Handbuch der Oryktognosie,von 

 Karl Casar von Leonhard (Heidelberg, 1826) ; 

 Brewster's Treatise on Mineralogy (Edinburgh, 

 1827) ; Die Mineralogie der A. Hartmann (Ilmenau, 

 1829). The only considerable work upon the science 



which has as yet appeared in the United States of 

 America, is tliat of professor Cleaveland, and which 

 was founded, for the most part, on the systems of 

 Brongniart and Haiiy. 



MINERAL WATERS are those waters which 

 contain such a proportion of foreign matter as to 

 render them unfit for common use, and give them a 

 sensible flavour and a specific action upon the animal 

 economy. They are very various, both in their com- 

 position and temperature, and, of course, in their ef- 

 fect upon the system ; they are generally, however, 

 so far impregnated with acid or saline bodies as to 

 derive from them their peculiarities, and are com- 

 monly divided into four classes : acidulous or car- 

 bonated, saline, chalybeate or ferruginous, and sul- 

 phureous. In regard to temperature, they are also 

 divided into warm, or thermal, and cold. The sub- 

 stances which have been found in mineral waters are 

 extremely numerous, but those which most frequently 

 occur are oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur, iu 

 different combinations ; lime, iron, magnesia, &c. 

 Mineral waters are also divided into artificial and 

 natural, the former being produced in the laboratories 

 of the chemists, and sometimes merely imitations of 

 the natural waters by a combination of the same in- 

 gredients, and sometimes composed of different in- 

 gredients, or of the same in different proportions, in 

 such a manner as to form compounds not known to 

 exist in nature. The saline springs consist, in 

 general, of salts of soda and lime, or of magnesia and 

 lime, with carbonic acid and oxide of iron. The prin- 

 cipal are those of Pyrmont, Sedlitz, Epsom, &c. The 

 ferruginous waters have a decided styptic taste, and 

 are turned black by an infusion of gall-nuts. The iron 

 is sometimes in the state of an oxide, held in solution 

 by carbonic acid ; sometimes exists as a sulphate, 

 and sometimes both as a sulphate and carbonate ; 

 the waters of Vichy, Spa, Forges, Passy, Cheltenham, 

 Tunbridge, Bedford, Pittsburgh, Yellow-Springs, in 

 Ohio, Virginia, Pennsylvania, &c., are among them. 

 The acidulous waters are characterized by an acid 

 taste, and by the disengagement of fixed air. They 

 contain five or six times their volume of carbonic 

 acid gas ; the salts which they contain are muriates 

 and carbonates of lime and magnesia, carbonate and 

 sulphate of iron, &c. ; the waters of Bath, Buxton, 

 Bristol, Vichy, Seltz, New Lebanon, &c., are acidu- 

 lous. The sulphureous waters are easily recognised 

 by their disagreeable smell, their property of tar- 

 nishing silver and copper, &c. ; the springs at Sar- 

 atoga and Ballston, Harrowgate, Moffat, Aix-la- 

 Chapelle, Aix, and numerous others, are of this class 



MINERVA (called by the Greeks A0v, iiaJUaj 

 A^JJVX) ; one of the principal deities of the heathen 

 Olympus, whose origin many mythologists derive 

 from Egypt. According to the fable. Jupiter, hav- 

 ing obtained the sovereignty of the skies by his vic- 

 tory over the Titans, chose Metis, daughter of Ocean, 

 for his wife. An oracle of Gsea and Uranus had, 

 however, predicted that Metis would first bear him a 

 daughter, and then a son, who should deprive him of 

 the sovereignty. To avoid this, Jupiter endeavoured, 

 by wiles and flattery, to get possession of her person . 

 and then swallowed her with her yet unborn daugh- 

 ter. When the period of her delivery arrived, Jupi- 

 ter experienced a sharp pain in his head, and, having 

 caused Vulcan to split open his skull, was astonished 

 at the sight of a virgin in complete armour, who 

 danced about with a warlike enthusiasm, brandishing 

 her spear, and clashing her arms, as if on the point 

 of attacking an enemy. In her character of a wise 

 and prudent warrior, she was contrasted with the 

 fierce, furious, and blood-thirsty Mars (q. v.), and 

 made her first appearance in the battles of the gods. 

 In the wars of the giants, she slew Pallas and 



